Write a paper on the environment and the damages that humans have done Research

Write a on the environment and the damages that humans have done to it - Research Paper Example Human activities lead to different impacts on various components of the ecosystem such as land, biodiversity, and aquatic, terrestrial, marine and the atmosphere. Humans are inherently selfish and want the best for themselves without caring about the impacts of their activities to other members of the ecosystem. Global warming is the most critical problem facing the globe today. Global warming is described as the rise in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and the oceans. This increase was noted to have started in the 19th century and is anticipated to continue rising. Goudie (22) notes that since the beginning of the 20th century, global temperatures have risen by about 0.8o C with approximately two thirds of this increase happening since 1980. Global warming is attributed to increased concentration of greenhouse gases which include carbon dioxide, methane and ozone. However, carbon dioxide is the most significant greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases lead to global warming by trapping infrared radiations emitted from the earth’s surface in the lower atmosphere thereby causing the temperatures to become warmer. These gases, however, allow radiations from the sun to get to the earth surface but absorb them as they absorb short wave radiations when re-emitted coming fr om the land. Greenhouse gases are important to maintain warm temperatures with the earth surface, but increased concentration of these gases can lead to devastating impacts on the environment, as explained by Goudie (22). Human activities are the most significant causes of increased carbon dioxide levels. Goudie (23) observes that since industrial revolution, the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased significantly. He notes that carbon dioxide and methane concentration has risen by 36 and 148 percent respectively from 1750 levels. Burning of fossil fuels is attributed for more than

The role of Project Management to an Organization Essay

The role of Project Management to an Organization - Essay Example The project management cycle undergoes a five-step approach; they are initiation, planning, execution, monitoring/control and closure. Initiation is a process involving the giving of an overview of how the project looks like, and the strategy implemented in the organizations plan. This is done to achieve the desired results and in addition, it is where a project manager is appointed to guide the rest of project members due to his or her experience and skills. Planning is the second step, which includes risk assessment alongside defining the system used in order complete the plan. Execution and control are the third and fourth step respectively, which involves planning a solution used for the implementation of solving problems noted in the requirements of a project. Closure, which is the fifth and last step, involves a manager ensuring the little things in a project receive a proper conclusion, when the formal project review is written.The benefits attained from a good project managem ent includes, a delivery service that is better and efficient since, it provides a â€Å"roadmap† that can be easily followed for the purposes of project completion. The other benefit is, customer satisfaction is improved, increased and enhanced such that, when a project is completed in good time a customer can be happy and recommend you for more work. The third benefit is that, service delivery is made effective and enhanced. The improvement of growth and development of a team is another benefit. since, when a project yields positive results, a team commands much respect and inspires the team to work harder. A greater competitive and standing edge is another benefit when a good project is implemented. The other benefits will include better flexibility, increase in quality and quantity and increased risk assessment. As mentioned earlier, planning is the second phase for any project management cycle to be successful. It includes a breakdown and assignment that should be detailed of the task in your project from the time it commences to the time it ends. It involves taking risks of the assessment and being able to define the steps needed for the successful of a task completion. Research is an important factor in planning because it gives a chance of choosing

Computing Research Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Computing Research Projects - Essay Example Introduction World Wide Web in our societies around the globe is now a common phenomenon and accessories that facilitate this phenomenon like a web browsers does not only carry an immense business scope but they have become the representatives of the technology itself. Web browsers are the vehicles that carry you along the fascinating world of the web while facilitating the use and eliminating the reliance on any additional software aids. Today’s web browsers are supposed to provide possibly all functionalities that a web site has to offer and a surfer may need to enjoy his web experience. More importantly, web browsers need to meet the requirements of fetching information from all around the globe while warranting a complex integrated security mechanism. 1.1 Scope of Research Design and development of a web browser in the backdrop of technological advancements of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the ever increasing support requirements is a serious underta king. It needs to support the cutting edge technologies, facilitate user while ensuring a pleasurable experience, playing and displaying nearly every possible format of information, securing browsing sessions, speeding up the task completions, adding ability to save sessions and user specific information, building abilities to recover from interruptions and breakups and the list goes on—it knows no limits. While discussing the scope of an explorer Godbole and Atul ( 2008) states, â€Å"It is the responsibility of the browser to display the document on the user’s screen when it receives it from the server. As a result, a browser consists of several large software components that work together that provide an abstracted view of seamless service.† Every day, there is a new change in technology, everyday there are new measures to be taken to ensure existence in the world of web browsing. The continued user support, maintenance and incorporation of updates are the ta sks that demand serious and sustainable project management approach to suit the enormity of task in hand. 1.2 History The history of web browsers is nearly as old as that of the Internet itself. Majority of historians of computer sciences have accepted Tim Berners-Lee as the founder of the explorer technology. However, the Mosaic explorer by Andreessen team in the year 1993 gave WWW technologies a real boost. Later on it was Andreessen who formed Netscape Company that launched first commercial explorer, the Netscape Navigator. It was not before 1995, when the Microsoft jumped into the explorer business with its first version of Internet Explorer to capture its market share. Since then the dominance in the market has been a tough fight among Internet Explorer, Opera, Netscape, Mozilla, Firefox, Safari and lately Google Chrome. (Cheshire, 2008). The history of web browsers’ development is a fast changing history because it had to keep pace with the technological innovations in the field of computers, software, communications and the Internet. Today, browser development requires not only a bunch of technological expertise but it also demands a methodical project management approach. 2. Literature Review The purpose of this literature review is to investigate the emerging

Management Support Systems Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management Support Systems Development - Essay Example Do information systems matter on a business enterprise What are the benefits of developing a management support system (MSS) in the organization How would the system increase the competitive advantage of the organization in today's extremely competitive marketplace and highly connected world These may be some of the questions that managers face today. The Internet Age has created new opportunities as well as challenges for businesses especially in the area of business intelligence and knowledge management. Organizational knowledge management has become a more significant foundation of corporate competitive advantage for business (Buchanan et al, 1999). Knowledge management has become a management fad today ever since knowledge became a competitive advantage. It has become a significant capital, both for organizations and employees. Business knowledge is a re-usable, renewable as well as imperative asset of significance to business that augments in worth by means of knowledge worker and administrative life. Knowledge well-established in the organizational dealing procedures and the knowledge worker's abilities are advantages usually firm to distinguish, build up and duplicate through market competitors (Dennis et al., 2005). Developments of management support systems have become essential in an organization in order to grow or sustain its existence. Management Support Systems enlarges the orga... Management Support Systems enlarges the organizational data and information recovery capacities of the system end-users by means of investigation actions and query for searching of information in the organizational database, turning out 'what if' situations, and other similar functions (Dennis et al., 2005). The purpose of MSS is to manage the information that is available to everyone and control the flow so that the content can be analyzed and results examined for the improvement of the organization. MSS are frequently designed to handle multifarious conditions, and few are available right off the shelf. Although online analytical processing (OLAP) software has assisted decision support development, many MSS make use of some custom design, development, and implementation for each specific application (Dennis et al., 2005). MSS are designed to be used on a recurring basis by many employees, several of them were not computer literate. The system continues to grow because its accomplishment has led managers and the team members to make out new traditions to apply the ideas developed with this system to other decision-making situations (Buchanan et al, 1999). Development of an MSS, particularly a large one, is a complicated practice especially when it is built in-house. It requires a specialized team that focuses on the interpretation of the business processes of the organization and transforming such processes into an IT enabled support system framework. It encompasses problems varying from technical (e.g., hardware variety, networking) to behavioral (e.g., user interfaces, training, the potential impact on individuals, groups, and the entire organization) (Dennis et al., 2005). There exists no single and best one-way approach in developing an MSS

Computing Research Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Computing Research Projects - Essay Example Introduction World Wide Web in our societies around the globe is now a common phenomenon and accessories that facilitate this phenomenon like a web browsers does not only carry an immense business scope but they have become the representatives of the technology itself. Web browsers are the vehicles that carry you along the fascinating world of the web while facilitating the use and eliminating the reliance on any additional software aids. Today’s web browsers are supposed to provide possibly all functionalities that a web site has to offer and a surfer may need to enjoy his web experience. More importantly, web browsers need to meet the requirements of fetching information from all around the globe while warranting a complex integrated security mechanism. 1.1 Scope of Research Design and development of a web browser in the backdrop of technological advancements of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the ever increasing support requirements is a serious underta king. It needs to support the cutting edge technologies, facilitate user while ensuring a pleasurable experience, playing and displaying nearly every possible format of information, securing browsing sessions, speeding up the task completions, adding ability to save sessions and user specific information, building abilities to recover from interruptions and breakups and the list goes on—it knows no limits. While discussing the scope of an explorer Godbole and Atul ( 2008) states, â€Å"It is the responsibility of the browser to display the document on the user’s screen when it receives it from the server. As a result, a browser consists of several large software components that work together that provide an abstracted view of seamless service.† Every day, there is a new change in technology, everyday there are new measures to be taken to ensure existence in the world of web browsing. The continued user support, maintenance and incorporation of updates are the ta sks that demand serious and sustainable project management approach to suit the enormity of task in hand. 1.2 History The history of web browsers is nearly as old as that of the Internet itself. Majority of historians of computer sciences have accepted Tim Berners-Lee as the founder of the explorer technology. However, the Mosaic explorer by Andreessen team in the year 1993 gave WWW technologies a real boost. Later on it was Andreessen who formed Netscape Company that launched first commercial explorer, the Netscape Navigator. It was not before 1995, when the Microsoft jumped into the explorer business with its first version of Internet Explorer to capture its market share. Since then the dominance in the market has been a tough fight among Internet Explorer, Opera, Netscape, Mozilla, Firefox, Safari and lately Google Chrome. (Cheshire, 2008). The history of web browsers’ development is a fast changing history because it had to keep pace with the technological innovations in the field of computers, software, communications and the Internet. Today, browser development requires not only a bunch of technological expertise but it also demands a methodical project management approach. 2. Literature Review The purpose of this literature review is to investigate the emerging

How Venture Capitalists Evaluate Potential Venture Opportunities Essay

How Venture Capitalists Evaluate Potential Venture Opportunities - Essay Example The product is analyzed to determine if the product can produce a competitive advantage. The technology is examined to ascertain if it is a new item that can demand market share or is the technology and improvement over existing products. Although all four of the venture capitalists analyze the team, or specifically the people involved in the company, they differ on which aspect of the team they place a greater emphasis. Some venture capitalists place more emphasis on the founder, or entrepreneur, of the product or technology and other place more importance on the management team. The other item that venture capitalists differ is the stage of product development. Some venture capitalists prefer a new product or technology and some prefer to look at products that are currently inexistence. Venture capitalists are mostly focused on the tactical aspects of the company with which they want to invest. They examine the potential revenue stream of the product versus the strategy to achieve the market share. The venture capitalists analyze the tactical aspects of the market and

The Motion Detector Sensor Engineering Essay

The Motion Detector Sensor Engineering Essay Home automation is a system that uses to help the resident to do the household activity or housework. These housework or household activity can be from pet feeding, plant watering, home entertainment system and so on. It can be operate either automatically or sometime control remotely which all depend to the home resident [2]. The entire system can be controlled by using from remove control, computer, internet until telephone. The home automation covered very wide of hoe system and it is also including home security system. The home security system basically can be separate to five categories [3], there are: Detection of intrusion Simulation of presence Detection of fire, gas and water Medical alert and precise Safe closing of blind For this project, only 2 categories have been discussed. There are detection of intrusion and detection of fire. And there are 4 types of intrusion which are [3]: i) Detection of movement ii) Magnetic contact of door or window iii) Glass breaking and pressure change iv) Pressure change 2.1 Part research and analysis 2.1.1 Motion detector sensor Only detection of movement has been discussed for this project. In here, the detection of movement means the movement that cause by human being and a motion detector sensor being use to detect the motion. A motion detector sensor can separate to active and passive and it can detect motion by using optics or acoustics. An active motion detector sensor is dispersing a constant field to detect motion. The field will remains static until something is enters it then disturbs the reflected pattern. Meanwhile, a passive motion sensor is waiting in standby mode in order to trigger a threshold setting when motion is detected. However, active and passive technique both have similar disadvantage. They only can sense very limited range that may weaken with distance. As the result, combination of both techniques has been used to gain greater effectiveness to detect the motion [4]. There are several types of motion detector sensor being use in the market [5] for example: i) Infrared motion detector sensor Infrared motion sensor is the most reliable and cheapest among the entire motion sensors available in the market. The concept of infrared motion sensor is using the infrared light spectrum to measure the heat of objects that pass in front of it. Then it will compare the heating level to heating level that cause by objects that behind it. The wavelength infrared wave is between 0.7 and 300 micrometers but shorter than the  wavelength  of  visible light  but longer than microwaves that cannot be detected by human senses but can felt as the heat. This infrared motion detector sensor can be fitted with different lenses to get greater distances. Basically the infrared motion detector sensor separate to 2 types only, there are passive and active infrared motion sensor [6]. The passive infrared sensors will detect electromagnetic radiated energy that generate by external sources like thermal energy emitted by people in the infrared range as figure. The thermal energy will reaches to the sensor that comprise more than one individual  sensor which made from pyroelectric materials. This sensor will generate an electrical voltage according it is heated or cooled [7]. Figure 1: The operation of passive motion infrared sensor [8] Meanwhile, the active infrared sensors will generate a multiple beam pattern of modulated infrared energy and react if it has change in the modulation of the frequency or an interruption in the received energy. The active infrared motion basically consist emitter and receiver pairs to generate IR detection zone. However, this emitter and receiver pairs need to adjust probably to achieve the best balancing between reflected IR energy and transmitted IR energy. This balance is called as the threshold level of reflected IR. If the reflected IR energy significantly above the threshold level, IR motion detector sensor will trigger on as figure: Figure 2: The operation of active motion infrared sensor [9] ii) Microwave motion detector sensor Figure 3: The operation of microwave motion sensor [10] The microwave motion detector sensor is type of active sensor that using radar call  Doppler radar to send out microwaves in order to detect and measure the movement of an object. Then it will receive the returning waves that cause by moving object to determine the distance, direction even the speed of the object. Basically the microwave motion detector has 2 types, they called bistatic and monostatic [11]. The bistatic type contains emitter and receiver which operate separately to configure the beam to fit particular situation. It has a larger detection range which up to 1500 linear feet but it cannot define the area of detection and easy to cause the error [12]. Meanwhile, the monostatic type can define detection area based on microwave beam that it emits. The detection range is smaller than bistatic which only 400 linear feet but it more efficient [12]. Although the microwave motion detector sensor cover a larger area than infrared sensor and more reliable over longer distances, but it is least popular because of their vulnerability to electrical interference and expensive cost [11]. iii) Ultrasonic motion detector sensor Figure 4: The operation of ultrasonic motion sensor [13] An ultrasonic  motion detector sensor will detect the movement by generating the sound wave in the ultrasonic frequency range around 30 kHz to 50 kHz within the limited area [14]. It will generate a cone-shaped sound wave and listen to the echoes. . The sound wave generally inaudible to humans and most animals but it does not pass through most objects. So, if no object is moving within the zone of detection, the pattern of sound wave in its environment and the time that reflected back will remain the same. However, if something moves, the microwave detector will detect and analysis the level or phase of returning sound waves then will trigger on the sensor [14]. Basically this ultrasonic motion detector sensor separated to 2 types, there are active and passive. [15] The active ultrasound motion detector sensors emit sound waves from quartz-crystal transducers then the sound wave will cover within the field of detection. The sound wave will not disrupt if there is no any movement detected. However, the sound wave will disrupt when movement detected and reflected back to receiver. The receiver will sent the signal to control unit and trigger on the sensor by analysis its sensitivity and calibration. Although the microwave motion detector sensor very efficiency in performance, but it is weak in very short of the field of detection that only detectable up to forty feet [15]. Meanwhile the passive motion detector sensors operate on the principle of sounds for example breaking glass to trigger on the sensor. These sounds produce sound waves that detected by the sensors which same concept like the active sensors. The signal will sent to control units to determine if the sound wave pattern falls within established normal parameters [15]. Table below is the summary of technologies to detect the motion: Technique Description Advantages Disadvantages 1) Infrared [6] Active: Generate multiple beam of modulated infrared energy and receive any interrupt or change of received energy Passive: detect electromagnetic radiated energy that generate by external sources like thermal energy i) Low cost ii) Easy to maintain i) Cover very small area 2) Microwave [12] Cover area with electronic field and receive any disturb or movement of electronic field i) Cover large area ii) Quick response i)High cost ii)Too sensitive 3) Ultrasonic [15] Generate sound wave and reflect the sound wave if any disturb or movement i) Cover large area ii) Quick response iii) Long lifetime i) Easy affect by environment vibration ii) High cost Table 1: Summary and comparison of 3 technologies to detect the motion 2.1.2 Heat detector sensor For another category which is detection of fire, there also have several techniques to detect it. These techniques are sensing in temperature, humidity and smoke [3] and sensing in temperature will be discussed in this project. There are few technologies in this market to sense the temperature [16] like table: Technologies Description Advantages Disadvantages 1)Thermocouple [17] Consist junction of 2 types of metal that joined together will produce voltage which varies with temperature change i) can used in wide temperature ii)Fast response i) Low accuracy ii) short life time 2) Resistance thermometer (RTD) [18] Electrical resistance of pure metal will increase with rise of temperature i) High accuracy ii) Good stability i)Slow response ii) High cost 3) Thermistor [19] Type of ceramic resistor that resistance will change with temperature changing i) Accuracy in small scale of temperature range ii) Good vibration i) Limit in small temperature range Table 2: Summary and comparison 3 of technologies to sense the temperature in the market 2.1.3 Wireless system application Short range radio application The table below show that the summary of some short range radio application and characteristics that use in the market. Application Frequency Characteristics Security system 300MHz -500MHz,800MHz,900MHZ Simplicity, easy installation Emergency medical alarms 300MHz-500MHz,800MHz Convenient carrying, long battery life, reliable Computer accessories UHF(Ultra High frequency) High data rates, vary short range, low cost RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 100kHz to 2.4GHz Vary short range, active or passive transponder Wireless microphone and headphone VHF(Very High Frequency), UHF( Ultra High frequency) Analog high fidelity voice modulation, moderate price Keyless entry(gate opener) UHF(Ultra High Frequency) Miniature transmitter, special coding to prevent duplication Wireless bar code readers 900MHz, 2.4GHz Industrial use, spread spectrum Table 3: Short range radio application [20] Figure 5: Radio communication link diagram [21] Figure above is the radio communication link diagram. In transmitter, the source data will send to encoder to create a group of bits then sent the signal to receiver to make sure that no any false occurrences happen. Then the receiver will check and only accept the signals that the same address bits same with it. The signal that sent which also call message frame has 4 fields [21] like figure: Figure 6: Message frame [21] The first field is called preamble that as start bits to tell the receiver the message begins. Next field is called address, it will identify address and notifies the receiver come from which units that message is coming which sent by transmitter. Then the data field will follow on which it may indicate what type of event is being signaled in some protocols. Finally last field is parity which allows the receiver to determine whether the message was received correctly or not [21]. When several transmitters are used with the same receiver, all transmitters need to have the same identification address which set by receiver where receiver need to be set to recognize the identification address of all the transmitters that used in the system. Table below is the summary of advantage and disadvantages of two addressing system [21]: Advantages Disadvantages Unlimited number of transmitter can be used with a receiver Limited number of bits increase false number and interference from adjacent system Can be used with commercially available data encoder and decoders Device must be opened for coding during installation Transmitter and receiver can be easily replaced without recoding the opposite terminal Must be used with a dedicated microcontroller and cannot be used with standard encoders and decoders Each transmitter is individually recognized by receiver Limited number of transmitters can be used with each receiver Large number of code bits reduces possibility of false number Longer code reduces probability of detection Table 4: Advantages and disadvantages of two addressing system [21] 2.2 Review of similar product No Product Specification Cost Reference 1 Motion detector alarm set Detect motion and activates alarm -Build in high output 105dB alarm -Keypad to arm or disarm and security code -120VAC adapter operate US $24.99 [22] 2 Wireless motion system CWA2000 Transmitter can transmit signal to receiver until half mile away -Activates LED and buzzer on base station when detect motion -Expendable up to 8 motion sensor -Can adjust sensitivity of detection -Receiver required AC power and 4 AA batteries for backup mode -Sensor required 4 AA batteries US $99.00 [23] 3 Skylink SC-10 wireless Home security system -Consists 2 door or window sensors and 2 keychain transmitter -Arm or Disarm by using keychain transmitter -Build in high output 110dB siren -Expendable up to 15 sensors operate by AC power and 4 AA batteries for backup mode US $109.95 [24] 4 Powermax + wireless intruder alarm -Support real time viewing from camera -Consist 3 PIR sensor and 2 magnetic door sensor with wireless -External high output siren -Sent message to user by email, SMS or phone when any incident happened -Support latchkey to inform parent when child arrive to home -Remote home management which provide control and status update up to electrical devices -Required AC power to operate  £257.00 [25] 3.7 Hardware description 3.7.1PIC16F874A microcontroller Figure 14: Pin description of PIC16F874A microcontroller [26] The behavior of the Home Security system basically control by three PIC 16F8XX microcontrollers. The PIC16F8XX microcontroller is under Microchip PIC microcontroller device and very commonly being use because of low-cost, low-power consumption but high speed in performance and I/O flexibility if compare to other device and family. The microcontroller emphasizes almost same function as a microprocessor but PIC Microcontroller only operates at very low speed or frequency which only few MHz or even lower if compare to microprocessors that operate with high speed or frequency. Besides, PIC microcontroller consumes very small among of power consumption which only around miliwatts. So, PIC Microcontroller is more suitable for home security system compared to microprocessor in terms of size, cost, power consumption and the memory to control the input/output devices. They are three types of microcontroller also take into consideration, which are PIC 16F84A [27], PIC16F874A [26] and Atmel-AT89C2051 [28].The comparison was made before the final decision make. Below is the table of comparison between 3 microprocessors: Features Microchip (PIC16F84A) Microchip(PIC16F874A) Atmel(ATmega88V) Instruction 35 single word 35 single word 131 single word Operating speed 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz Flash Program Memory 1024 x 14 words 4k x 14 words 8k x 14words Data Memory(RAM) 68 x 8 bytes 192 x 8 bytes 1k bytes internal SRAM EEPROM 64 x 8 bytes 128 x 8 bytes 512 x 8 bytes I/O Port 13 33 23 Counter/timer 1 3 2 Counter bit 8 bits 16 bits 16 bits Series Interface (MSSP) -In-Circuit Serial Programmingâ„ ¢ (ICSPâ„ ¢) via two pins Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPIâ„ ¢ (Master mode) I ²Câ„ ¢ (Master/Slave) Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I ²C compatible) Operating Voltage 2.0V-5.5V 2.0V 5.5V 1.8V 5.5V Software MPLAB ® IDE MPLAB ICD2 MPLAB ® IDE MPLAB ICD2 ATAVRISP