Construction and Environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction and Environment - Research Paper Example He also stated that in the formulation of their proposal for performance improvement, they studied what had been happening and gained insight on the transformations that they had undergone in the recent years. Due to the concerns raised facing the need to meet clients expectations and to the fact that it is underachieving, the Deputy prime Minister set up the Construction Task Force. In UK’s domestic economy, the construction industry provides a substantial value to the Gross domestic product and therefore, it needs to be safeguarded and allowed to continue growing. The industry measures well with the others in the world due to its flexibility, the nature of the willing labour in adapting to the harsh working conditions. To improve efficiency the task force has to refer to several guidelines which were outlined as; quantification of scope for the improvement of efficiency in construction, examination of practices currently in the improvement of innovations in processes and pro ducts, identification of good practices and projects which would help in the demonstrations and also the advisory of the Deputy Prime Minister to improve efficient building of houses of quality (Lock, 2007). Modernisation is a key factor that affects profitability rate. To sustain development in a healthy way, the Task force need to be well catered for because if not addresses the margins would be very low. There is need for training a proportion of the workforce to help solve the problem of skill shortage improve career structure and develop management and supervisory grades (Berkun, 2008). As a result of under-achievement, the clients are not satisfied both in the public and private sector. This under achievement can be attributed to poor investment, unpredictability, competition in terms of price but not considering quality, poor performers not restricted from entering the market. This has led to difficulty in identification of quality brands for investors. The construction indus try in UK is already fragmented with several small construction companies with less than eight employees. This has led to the prevention of continual teams that work efficiently. This has the only advantage of providing flexibility in dealing with workloads that are highly variable. Still, the cycle of the economy has to a great extent affected the industry to an extent that it maximises on how to survive rather than future investment (Sir.John, 2007). There is an encouragement by the construction company to continue developing to the government sponsors and clients. Improvements are recently being initiated with the main agenda as Change. Improvement focuses on the components of construction and materials, this includes pre-assembly and standardization and with the three dimensional modelling and positioning globally. Tools are being put in place to deal with the problems of fragmentation such as creation of partnerships, increasing the techniques and tools for efficiency and quali ty improvement, benchmarking, encouraging team works and integrated Total Quality management (Lock, 2003). As stated by Burke, identification of stakeholders and their respective roles is important in mitigating the problems identified. Management of scope helps a great deal in completion of tasks on time and quantification of task. Work breakdown and structure of the project connecting tasks

Tetracycline: History, Properties and Uses

Tetracycline: History, Properties and Uses Discovery and development of antibiotics-tetracycline Introduction An antibiotic is a single or a group of substances normally obtained from micro-organisms that block the development of a certain different micro-organisms or even destroy them. They are obtained from extraordinary microorganisms or other living frameworks, and are delivered by a modern method utilizing an ageing process. In spite of the fact that the standards of antibiotic activity were not found until the twentieth century, the first known utilization of antibiotic was from the Chinese more than 2,500 years back. Today, more than 10,000 anti-microbial substances have been accounted for. Right now, antibiotics are a billion dollar industry that keeps on growing every year.The variety of antibiotics presently available can be grouped by different methods like the chemical structure they are made of, the micro-organisms from which they are obtained, or the action they perform. They can also be designated by their range of action, e.g., Tetracycline, cephalosporin, polymixin etc. Tetracyclines It is a wide range polyketide antibiotic derived by the Streptomyces sort of Actinobacteria. [5]This is used against numerous bacterial diseases. It is a protein amalgamation inhibitor and is usually used to treat skin inflammation, rosacea, urinary tract infections and is truly imperative in decreasing the number of deaths from cholera. The term tetracycline is additionally used to indicate the four-ring arrangement of this compound; tetracyclines are connected substances that contain the same four-ring framework. http://www.explorecuriocity.org/portals/2/Symposia/Antibiotics/_2993.jpg http://cdni.wired.co.uk/19201280/a_c/antibiotics.jpg https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2004/03/infection-protection/_jcr_content/articletext/imageplus/image.img.jpg/1321308084306.jpg The discovery In spite of the fact that for a considerable length of time preparations derived from living organisms were applied to wounds to eradicate or remove diseases or ailments, the way that a microorganism is equipped for destroying one of other animal types was not proved until the last of the 19th century. The tetracycline, an expansive group of anti-infective agents, was founded as an ordinary item by Benjamin Minge Duggar in 1945 and initially endorsed in 1948.Under Yellapragada Subbarow, Benjamin Duggar made his discovery of the first tetracycline antibiotic- chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), at Lederle Laboratories in 1945. [9] In 1950, Harvard University teacher Robert Burns Woodward decided the compound structure of the related substance, Oxytetracycline (Terramycin); the patent security for its fermentation and generation was additionally initially issued in 1950. [8]An examination group of eight researchers (K.J. Burnings, Francis A. Hochstein, Frederick J. Pioneer C.R. Stephens, Lloyd Hillyard Conover, Abraham Bavley, Richard Pasternack, and Peter P. Regna) at Pfizeras ,a team with Woodward, took an interest in the two-year examination prompting the discovery. https://www.nzytech.com/site/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/98d518eb90428466f73c1e04551cf1e7.jpg http://thescienceofacne.com/wp-content/uploads/Tetracycline-Sumycin-Molecule-640404.jpg?a355a6 https://edc2.healthtap.com/ht-staging/user_answer/avatars/1560705/large/open-uri20131228-9945-h4ifng.jpeg?1388269653 Development of antibiotics Antibiotics are made in the industry by a procedure of fermentation, where the source microorganism is developed in substantial holders (100,000 – 150,000 liters or additionally) containing a fluid development medium. The concentration of oxygen, degree of temperature, pH of the medium, and supplement levels must be idealistic and are closely observed and balanced if important. As antibiotics are optional metabolites, the population size must be controlled deliberately to guarantee that most extreme yield is acquired before the cells dies. When the procedure is finished, the antibiotic must be removed and decontaminated to a crystalline item.This is less difficult to accomplish if the antibiotic is dissolved in natural solvent. Else, it should first be uprooted by ion exchange, adsorbed, or precipitated on a chemical. Discovery of tetracycline Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline, both found in the late 1940s, were the first members from the tetracycline group to be portrayed.[4]These particles were results of Streptomyces aureofaciens and S. rimosus, individually. Different tetracyclines were distinguished later, either as characteristically happening atoms, e.g., tetracycline from S. aureofaciens, S. rimosus, and S. viridofaciens and demethylchlortetracycline from S. aureofaciens, or as results of semisynthetic methodologies, e.g., methacycline, doxycycline, and minocycline. In spite of the achievement of the early tetracyclines, analogs were looking for with an enhanced water solubility either to permit parenteral organization or to improve oral assimilation. These methodologies brought about the advancement of the semisynthetic mixes rolitetracycline and lymecycline. The most of late found tetracyclines are the semisynthetic collections alluded to as glycylcyclines, e.g., 9-(N, N-dimethylglycylamido) -6-demethyl-6-deo xytetracycline, 9-(N, N-dimethylglycylamido) -minocycline, and 9-t-(butylglycylamido) -minocycline.[12] These mixes have a 9-glycylamido substitution. .[11] The 9-t-butylglycylamido subordinate of minocycline (tigilcycline; once known as GAR-936) started stage- I in October 1999 and is as of now experiencing stage- II clinical trials. A portion of the prior mixes, e.g., clomocycline, are no more showcased, and others, e.g., rolitetracycline, lymecycline, and chlortetracycline, are not accessed. http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/512/272/2823312/2823312_ORT-1745-3674-80-693-g003.png http://media.i24news.tv/upload/cache/medium_image/upload/image/afp-ba034f876ea09e71954f1fda34f7c26ad79be9e6.jpg http://dailysciencejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/bug.jpg Safety and environmental issues of the production and the product itself The large scale manufacturing of antibiotics started amidst World War II with streptomycin and penicillin. Presently, most antimicrobial agents are delivered by organized ageing. In this, strains of microorganisms delivering significant benefits are developed under ideal conditions in supplement media in aging tanks holding a few thousand gallons. The mold is strained out of the maturation soup, and afterward the antibiotic is expelled from the stock by filtration, precipitation, and other detachment systems. At times new antimicrobials are lab blended, while numerous antibiotics are created by artificially adjusting regular substances; numerous such subordinates are more powerful than the characteristic substances against contaminating creatures or are better consumed by the body. Potential problems with antibiotics-tetracycline Antibiotics are either infused, given orally, or applied to the skin. A number of them, while strong against infective agents, additionally cause lethal symptoms. Some, similar to penicillin, are exceedingly allergenic and can bring about skin allergies, shock, and different types of sensitivity to allergens.Others, for example, the tetracycline, bring about real changes in the intestinal bacterial and can bring about super infection by parasites and different microorganisms.[3,10] Tetracyclines ought to be utilized with caution in patients with liver weakness.[10]Those tetracyclines that are soluble in water and urine intensify renal failure (this is not valid for the lipid dissolvable operators doxycycline and minocycline). They may expand muscle weakness in myasthenia Gravis and compound systemic lupus erythematosus. [3] Quality control is of most significance in the generation of antibiotics. Since it includes a fermentation procedure, steps must be taken to guarantee that truly no defilement is presented anytime amid generation. At this end, the medium and the greater part of the equipment are completely steam cleaned. Amid manufacturing, the rule for the end product of antibiotics is to look out for a normalancy every now and then.Of specific significance are successive checks of the state of the antimicrobial culture during fermenting. These are done using different chromatography strategies. Additionally, different physical and chemical properties of the completed item are checked, for example, pH, liquefying point, and dampness content. . https://explorable.com/images/antibiotics.jpg http://a57.foxnews.com/global.fncstatic.com/static/managed/img/fn2/video/876/493/antibiotics%20in%20hand%20istock.jpg?ve=1tl=1 http://www.onlineclinic.net/images/blog/injectable-l.jpg Scope for improvement and future of antibiotics Since the development of a new medicine is a costly affair, pharmaceutical organizations have done almost no research in the most recent decade. Notwithstanding, a disturbing improvement has prodded a restored enthusiasm for the advancement of new antibiotics.[7] It just so happens, a part of the ailment causing microorganisms has altered and built up resistance to a large number of the standard antibiotics, including tetracyclines.[6] This could have grave outcomes on the worlds general wellbeing unless new antibiotics are found or enhancements are made on the ones that are accessible. This testing issue will be the center of exploration for a long time to come. Researchers are attempting to develop new methodologies to battle the developmental risk of micro-organisms that present antibiotics like tetracyclines cant battle. A few specialists are trying new substances; for example, silver, to consolidate with antibiotics to support their killing force.[2] Different scientists are making the utilization of hereditary sequencing of microbes to help create medications at a quicker pace than medical science was equipped for previously. Another system expects to render destructive microorganisms unequipped for contaminating individuals, as opposed to killing the micro-organisms through and through. One such procedure would kill infection, bringing about poisons by disturbing the microscopic organisms interior components. Conclusion Antibiotics, including tetracyclines have a limited lifetime in light of the fact that resistance is inevitable, therefore, theres dependably a need to innovate.[1] Bacteria have methods for shielding themselves against other microorganisms, and most antibiotics are obtained from the poisons they utilize. Distinguishing and growing new antibiotics is a long and moderate process. Whether the antibiotic will be valuable in treating individuals stays to be seen. The principle issue with recognizing new antibiotics isnt that they dont work. They work and yet they cause serious symptoms or danger. References Antibiotic Development: the Battle to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance. (1984). Inpharma, 437(1), 4-4. Averting the antibiotics apocalypse now. (2013). New Scientist, 217(2908), 3. Bevelander, G. (1963). Effects of Tetracycline. BMJ, 1(5322), 54-54. Chlortetracycline. (1999). Reactions Weekly, &NA;(773), 7-8. Filippova, S., Surgucheva, N., Gal’chenko, V. (2012). Long-term storage of collection cultures of actinobacteria. Microbiology, 81(5), 630-637. Litman, J. Antibiotic Resistance. SSRN Journal. NEW ANTIBIOTICS. (1976). Inpharma, 45(1), 12-12. Oxytetracycline (terramycin). (1955). Tubercle, 36(3), 92. TETRACYCLINE. (1954). The Lancet, 263(6813), 664. Tetracycline Hepatotoxicity. (1964). BMJ, 2(5424), 1545-1546. Tetracycline see Doxcycline/tetracycline. (1988). Reactions, 224(1), 8-8. Tetracyclines from Scratch. (2005). Science, 308(5720), 321e-321e.

Satan and Jesus in John Miltons Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Satan and Jesus in Paradise Lost The subject, the drama, and the importance of Paradise Lost is grand. The epic represents what can be accomplished with the English language as sounds and syntax are carefully crafted. But the work is not shallow, because Milton argues forcefully the wisdom and justice of God Almighty for His dealings with mankind. In the words of Samuel Johnson, Milton attempts to show "the reasonableness of religion."   Ã‚  Ã‚   No doubt, Ezra Pound represents the most vocal of the anti-Milton faction. In his essay, "Notes on Elizabethan Classicists," Pound accuses Milton of "asinine bigotry," and dislikes the "coarseness of his mentality." Pound admires the Byronic hero--alone and rebellious--who struggles to fight for his lost cause in spite of overwhelming odds. According to Pound, because of his heroic willingness to fight against God and to never give up, Satan is the true hero in Paradise Lost. However, based on his actions, Satan fails to be any kind of hero. The real hero of Paradise Lost is the Lord Jesus Christ.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Satan is anything but a hero. Satan is a complainer and a whiner. When he realizes that he is in Hell, Satan begins complaining about his "injur'd merit." For Satan, life is not fair since God the Father loved and preferred His Son more than him. Even though Heaven was lost, Satan states that "All is not lost." According to Satan, "the unconquerable Will," the "study of revenge," and "immortal hate" remained. However, everything worthwhile is lost. Satan is in Hell because he rebelled against God and God cast him with the rebel angels out of Heaven. Here Satan whines because he blames God for not revealing all of His power. Indeed, Satan states that God tempted the angels to rebel in order that the Lord could use His superior strength to crush the rebellion.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, Satan is a coward. Not willing to confront the angels of Heaven, Satan resorts to disguise and to lying. As a "stripling Cherub," Satan asks Uriel, an archangel, for directions to paradise in order to adore man and to praise God. Uriel does not see Satan's hypocrisy, "the only evil that walks / Invisible." Once on earth, Satan changes into a wolf, and then into a cormorant where he sits in the Tree of Life "devising Death / To them who liv'd." Satan is not contented to be angry with God alone; he wants to destroy the innocent and powerless.

Behaviorism-reinforcement

It is difficult if not possible to measure what’s going on in a student’s mind at a specific moment. The students appeared to be paying attention were actually thinking non-academic issues, is not interested, is not motivated, is preoccupied with himself, among many other reason for non participation at school. Reinforcement rooted in the classic work of James Watson and B. F. Skinner. My discussion will include techniques, for increasing, decreasing, and maintaining behavior. There are many things to consider in the application of reinforcement so as to elicit behavior or the desired behavior.To give into consideration is that, reinforcement is more effective when it is immediate. If a response of a student is no longer reinforced, as in ignoring a given answer of a student every time a teacher throws a question or unintentionally took it for granted, the learner if again called his attention to give his answer will eventually given up the response. Another is, desired action are encouraged by a reinforcement specifically social reinforcement, which typically include attention can be verbal or nonverbal. For example, the expression on your face can carry an unmistakable message to a student.Usually, however, social reinforcers are verbal either accompanying some other form of reinforcement (â€Å"John, you can act as class monitor because of the way you behave in gym†) or taking the forms of words or phrase that signal your pleasure about the specific behavior. Social reinforcers expression, contact, proximity, privileges, and words. Giving positive remarks as the reinforcement every time the student performed better, finished a task or cooperate in the school activities are helpful in strengthening the students behavior or the possibilities of the repetition of the same positive behavior.A very shy child may find it difficult to join into classroom activities, specially if the school experience is new to her. The teacher’s role is to involve the child in the classroom activities. The child’s behavior should only be recognized when she is at the activity, though not necessarily participating. For example, when the child sits with the group at circle time, sits at a table where manipulative games or arts projects are provided.An activity within easy reach, when she is within easy reach of an activity, reinforce her, by praising and recognizing her behavior. Provide a reinforcement for every involvement in classroom activities as you notice it. A good reinforcement starts out with continuous reinforcement at the beginning stage of learning. Tangible reinforcers such as cookies and badges for young students or notes to parents or certificates for older students are just few examples which are necessary in the appliance of reinforcement so as to achieved desired outcome.In giving reinforcement, as progress in the skill or behavior develops, less emphasis should be placed on tangible reinforcers, such as foo d and tokens, while more emphasis should be given to social reinforcers, such as praise and attention. Reinforcement is given only after the learner gains sufficient skill at a task, be it participating in group work or writing, that later be strengthened or reinforced that later becomes automatic and habitual. Constant reinforcement means reinforcing the behavior of the student every time he participates.Applying a continuous reinforcement produces best results especially in new learning or conditioning situations. In education, we invoke behaviorism by awarding grades for various levels of performance that the more a student manifests interest in school/ classroom the more the behavior is reinforced so as to expect the same responses or behavior. If you wish to use positive reinforcers, and we all do, deliberately or otherwise, then you must be aware of how you use them. The following should put into consideration first; consider the age, interest, and needs of the students.Pieces of candy are not too motivating for adolescents, but they must be great for first-graders; know precisely the behavior you wish to strengthen and make your reinforcers sufficiently desirable; list potential reinforcers that you think would be desirable; vary your reinforcers and keep record of the effectiveness of various reinforcers on individual students. Positive reinforcement is a powerful principle and can be applied to great advantage in the classroom. All of us who teach, from the preschool to the doctoral level, use positive reinforcement.We must avoid, however, making students too dependent on the reinforcement we provide, particularly if we have initiated structured programs for students. We want them to work for those reinforcers that are natural to them. Punishment is a stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. It can be use to reduced inappropriate behavior but should be done sparingly as even psychologists advice it’s application in moderation. For instance, giving deductions or minuses on the accumulated grade in assignment every time a student misbehave e.g. shouting while the class in going on, decreases the likelihood of the behavior to be repeated. But when a student is not rewarded for appropriate or adaptive behavior, inappropriate or maladaptive behavior may become increasingly dominant, then punishment sinks in to eliminate such undesirable behavior. Sometimes, however, when the goal is to reduce or eliminate misbehavior, teachers consider using punishment (aversive procedures). A word of warning. Don’t fall into the trap of relying punishment.It’s easy; it frequently works for a short time (although not as well with the secondary school students); and gives you a feeling of having established control. Punishment can destroy rapport with the students if excessively used, it produces a ripple effect that touches all students and affects one’s teaching and it may have side effects of which a teacher is unaware. In general, reinforcing alternative behavior is a far better method than punishment. Sources: Elliot et al. ,(2004). Educational psychology 3rd ed. USA: McGrawHill. Essa,V. (1999). A practical guide to solving preschool behavior problems. New York:Delm

Impact of the British Victory in the Indian French War Essay

A war transpired between Britain and France, which lasted from the year 1756 to the year 1763. This war, which was termed as the French and Indian War, was fought over colonial possessions in the North American Continent. It was fought between the American colonists and the British on one side and the French and the American Indians on the other. The incident that initiated this war was the deployment of troops under Washington by the Virginian Governor, to dispute the Ohio valley French expansion (French and Indian War , 2005). This war was part of the larger struggle to attain colonial supremacy and in this struggle between the European colonizers, Britain obtained control of India and several French colonies. In this process Britain obtained Florida from Spain instead of Cuba. This period of strife ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, by Britain, France and Spain. Britain was the major beneficiary and obtained control over Canada, Florida and a number of Caribbean islands (Seven Years’ War , 2005). Initially the war efforts in America were not accorded much significance by the rulers in Britain. However, in 1757, William Pitt or Pitt the Elder, the then secretary of state and virtual prime minister, realized the fact that this skirmish had the capacity to obtain global domination for the British. Accordingly, Britain borrowed heavily and adopted a number of stratagems like paying Prussia to fight on its behalf in Europe and reimbursing the American colonists. In July 1758, the British emerged victorious at Louisbourg, in the month of August in the same year, they captured Fort Frontenac. In September 1759, a great victory was achieved against the French on the Plains of Abraham. The French were soundly and completely routed in Canada with the capture of Montreal by the British in September 1760. Due to the Paris Peace Treaty Britain obtained Canada and Florida and the American colonies became much stronger after this war, due to the removal of their European colonial rivals (SEVEN YEARS’ WAR , 1991). Vast and far reaching changes were wrought by the victory in this war. Some of these were that Britain’s presence in the New World became significantly larger. However, Britain incurred a very heavy monetary debt in achieving this victory. The leaders in England developed deep resentment towards the colonists, because the latter had not provided adequate financial and military help to the former. Consequently, Britain decided to enhance their control over the American colonies and to drastically reduce the extant decentralization. This resulted in severe dissatisfaction on the part of the American colonists towards the British. A major benefit that accrued from this war was that the colonists realized that their real enemy was Britain and not each other. They also realized that if they became one, then they were a truly redoubtable foe to contend with. This confidence coupled with the unjust and repressive policies of the British resulted in the American Revolution. In this manner a war that was fought between Britain and France to curb the latter’s expansionist ambitions led to the obtention of independence of the American Colonies from the British (Mooy, 2003). References French and Indian War . (2005). Retrieved September 5, 2007, from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas: http://www.credoreference. com/entry/6427767 Mooy, A. (2003, June 3). French and Indian Wars. Retrieved September 5, 2007, from From Revolution to Reconstruction : http://www. let. rug. nl/usa/E/7yearswar/fiwxx. htm Seven Years’ War . (2005). Retrieved September 5, 2007, from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas: http://www. credoreference. com/entry/6465088Seven Years’ War SEVEN YEARS’ WAR . (1991). Retrieved September 5, 2007, from The Reader’s Companion to American History: http://www. credoreference. com/entry/5868885

Protagonist How to Write a Kickass Main Character Readers Will LOVE

Protagonist How to Write a Kickass Main Character Readers Will LOVE Main Character: How to Write a Kickass Main Character Your Readers Will Love Readers will show up to your metaphorical yard for a good storybut they will come back for a good protagonistAnd well teach you how to write a main character your readers will love, root for, and even cry for.You have the story you want to tell. You know exactly how to write the novelhowever, youre not sure how to make your protagonist stand outsThe reason why so many popular books are a series of books (other than the author wanting to make a living writing several books). We all want to see the next adventure of a character we love.At some point, if you like the character enough, you stop caring what they are even getting up to (almost) and you just want to know more about them and their life.Think of any engaging character you’ve encountered in the past decade. These characters could have stopped after one go, but they keep coming back with new and interesting things to do. Sometimes they engage in stand-alone stories, other times their continuing adventures are part of the overall story structure that shows off their growth over a series.Here are some examples of great protagonists:Harry PotterSpidermanJack ReacherTony StarkThorKatniss Everdeen from Hunger GamesTobias Kaya of The Saviors ChampionAnybody that survives an episode of Game of Thrones†¦How to Write a Good Protagonist Your Readers Will RememberNot every character is worth coming back for. The staying power of a character comes from more than simply surviving the plot (though that usually helps).You need to do intense character development and give them some special quality and/or make them likable. In other words, make them kickass.While that is easier said than done, it isn’t too hard to do. Here are six ways to put some kick in your character.#1 Make Your Protagonist LikablePeople like to spend time with likable characters. Much like in real life, the off-putting people tend to get skipped over and left to the side.Think of any Tom Hanks character in any of his romantic comedies. He always plays a likeable guy, a guy you’d happily have over for dinner, spend the day with, hang with.His charisma and charm extend from there, making his characters in dramas more approachable.In the same way, if your make a character likable and personable, the reader will stick by them in the tough spots. They will care about the events that happen because they like the character. Consider the way a slasher flick sets up the characters. You know from the introduction who is going to survive the night and who isn’t. The heroes (usually a couple) stand for the same values as the audience. They are kind, good, and moral. They look out for their fellow characters in times of danger.A likable character sticks up for the little guy and adds a human quality to their supporting cast, even when that cast isn’t remotely human.When a character feels like a guide, it makes the reader feel safe. Especially in horror or thriller stories, you want the reader to be more excited to turn the page and see the next scene than they are hesitant.Examples of these likable main characters include: Harry PotterLeonard in the Big Bang TheoryJon Snow in Game of ThronesCaptain KirkTobias Kaya in The Saviors Champion#2 Make Them FunnyNot quite the same as likable and not quite the opposite either. Funny characters can get away with more than unfunny ones, but they can get annoying if pushed.Like any good joke, timing and delivery matter.Biting wit and a jocular look at the dangers all around make for some memorable character moments. Make writing dialogue for this type of character worth some outbursts of laughter and you’ll have your reader turning the pages with gleeful delight.Funny isn’t just jokes consisting of set up and punchline. You definitely don’t want to rely on a string of catchphrase utterance, no matter how much a Groot might work on occasion.The essence of wit is brevity. Quips work when they are insightful but also come from a real place. Be extra careful in establishing the backg round of a metacharacter. Deadpool’s humor doesn’t fly in all stories at all times.Funny can also mean awkward or accidentally funny.Think Ron in Harry Potter. He doesn’t mean to be funny†¦ he’s awkward, but in a lovable, hilarious way and we love him for it. The falls into trouble and falls back out of it style of character goes way back to Greek comedies. The setup for a comedy of errors relies on a likable fellow getting in over their heads and trying not to make a mess as they work it out.Examples of funny characters: Starlord and Rocket Raccoon in Guardians of the GalaxySherlock Holmes in the latest rebootsTyrian Lannister in Game of ThronesSimon Pegg’s Scotty#3 Make Your Protagonist PowerfulA character that lacks the ability to affect the world around them becomes tiresome. We want heroes challenged, sure, but we also want to know they can succeed. That when faced with the dangers of the plot and the villains they have a shot that, when it comes down to it, they can kick some ass.Tony Stark isn’t just a billionaire. He’s a billionaire genius. Take away his armor and he’s still a beloved figure with money, brains, fame and the awareness to point it all that out, if pressed on the subject.The reason we love underdog characters is because they are secretly the most powerful. They have the power to rise up and supersede the challenges, they just aren’t there yet. The likable, funny exterior makes you root for a character, but you want them to win in the end because they are better than the competition.If your character is a lawyer, they’re the best lawyer in town. If they are entering an academy to become a pilot, they are on the path to be the best pilot.A powerful character (ie- the best at something) garners respect from the reader. Remember to keep the character likable, a powerful character that uses their power to do harm becomes a villain. Redemption arcs aside, you want to avoid both a snotty character and a character that can’t be challenged.Powerful doesn’t mean perfect. One of the bonuses of being great at something is that people are quick to forgive them some of flaws. Tony Stark is arrogant. We forgive him that because there is a good reason why he’s arrogant.Genius characters can get away with being antisocial, wholesome characters can be naà ¯ve, and effective characters can be forgiven some moral grey areas.Unless you are writing noir, you want to keep the positives outshining the negatives. That balance can flip a bit for antiheroes (ie Deadpool, John Wick) but often takes a darker world to be effective.#4 Give Your Protagonist Trouble and ConflictConflict makes character. Conflict that stems from the characters internal conflicts leads to a different emotional response than conflict that stems from inevitable outside forces.Case in point, we immediately feel sorry for Jack and Rose because we know the Titanic is going down and there isn’t anything that either character could do to avoid that fate. We feel a lot less for Superman and Batman in their Doomsday fight when they need a device they casually tossed aside an hour ago.The more a conflict resonates with the reader, the more they can identify with the character. While saving the world from the terrible forces of an overwhelming alien order is fun, it isn’t relatable. It isn’t the kind of thing you are likely to face in a day.You personalize it by bringing it down to the granular. You make it about a particular personal loss, not all the losses.Examples of great conflict with protagonists:We empathize with Harry Potter because he’s an orphan, not because he’s a wizard in the wrong world.We understand what it’s like not to be believed, not so mu ch dying and being resurrected by magic like Jon Snow.We want to make a difference like Hawkeye, knowing that what we do matters even if we aren’t Thor level powerful.Be warned: there is a difference between the reader empathizing with a character and pitying them.Jack and Rose are good people enjoying life. They make the most of their last days.Harry Potter is a school kid trying his best. He (almost) never wallows in self-pity over his trials and problems.Thor loses his hammer and his eye. He makes jokes about his problems while trying to solve them instead of giving up.#5 Give Them Diverse CharacteristicsCharacter’s shouldn’t be one dimensional cardboard cut-outs. You want to make them rich and full.To this end, you don’t need to stick to one technique.As the preceding examples overlapped quite a bit, you see that mixing and matching works better than solo applications.Mix and match your protagonists characteristics like these examples: Tony Stark is powerful, likable, and funnyHarry Potter is likable, in a situation that’s relatable but outside his controlKirk is likable, often in danger outside himself, and has the skill to outpace his faultsYou don’t want to overdo it. A character that is trying to be too many things can become cluttered and confusing. Sometimes this is a result of the Superman problem, you can’t directly challenge a character designed to be too good.Flaws make for an anchor for a reader to project themselves into a character. Also, nobody likes a story where the plot dictates the effectiveness of the character from page to page.You also don’t want to alienate an audience by creating a dreaded Mary Sue (which is a perfect character who can never do wrong)†¦Leave room for flaws in your protagonist like these examples:Tony Stark is arrogant and a drunkHarry Potter lacks self-confidence and doesn’t get the girlDeadpool has cancer, is a jerk, and can’t seem to dieThe Cast of Game of Thrones is all too mortal, and largely unprotected by plot armor#6 Avoid Making a Passive CharacterA common mistake of first-time writers is to make characters reactive, otherwise known as passive.And you know just how much passive voice is a no-no in writing, passive characters are also frowned upon.While they might need to roll with the punches when they first splash into the deep end, you want them to drive the action soon after.A great character is proactive. They take charge, make a plan, and attack a problem with their skills and supporting cast.O ften, you can use the above techniques to define their approach to proactivity.Here are some questions to ask in order to learn how to avoid a passive character:Do they face their problems with a joke?Do they enlist the help of their cast of friends?Do they solve it with their power?Do they solve the problem by acknowledging that any effort matters because where they find themselves is not their fault?Keep in mind what fuels your character and they will always have a way to move forward. Not only that, the reader will be rooting for your charter as well.Great characters come from relatability and impact a reader by appealing to what we like to think about ourselves. A likable character engages a reader and can be a vector into a strange world.Likable characters humanize conflict and give readers a reason to care.Funny characters use their quips and whit to attack problems and keep the darkness at bay. We like to leave our fiction with a good feeling and jokes are how we cope with the worst of our issues.Powerful characters embody proactive approaches. A reader likes to see a character succeed and likes to know what a character is capable of so they can be in on the action, not blindsided by troubles and des ex machina.A reader likes to see real conflict. That is conflict that matters to a character and challenges the character. They don’t like to see pity and interpersonal wallowing.Think of your character like a friend. Do your best to advocate for them but remember that they aren’t you. Keep writing and let your characters speak for themselves.Start Writing a Bestseller Today (FREE class for you)This training isnt for everyone.If youre serious about writing a great fiction book that sells well (and consistently), then we have something for youIts your free training to take you from blank paged to published author!

Group psychotherapy is a special form of therapy Essay Example

Group psychotherapy is a special form of therapy Essay Example Group psychotherapy is a special form of therapy Essay Group psychotherapy is a special form of therapy Essay Group therapy can profit many different people, from those holding troubles with interpersonal relationships to those covering with specific jobs such as depression, anxiousness, serious medical unwellness, loss, habit-forming upsets or behavioural jobs. Peoples develop a support web through each other no longer experiencing isolated by their status and deriving a greater sense of normalcy.A Therefore, during the group procedure, curative alteration is experient known as the curative factors . There are 11 curative factors: : Instillation of Hope Universality Imparting information Altruism The disciplinary palingenesis of the primary household group Development of socialising techniques Imitative behaviour Interpersonal Learning Group Cohesiveness Catharsis Experiential Factors These factors are mutualist and do non happen or work individually but represent many different parts of the alteration procedure. INSTILLATION OF HOPE What it is: In instillment of hope, the therapist Acts of the Apostless as a facilitator to engraft positive outlooks and corrects negative biass before the chief activity. Consequently, the activity will look meaningful to the group members, thereby actuate them to remain in the group. Why it is healing: Hope is a curative factor as it helps the client to better by detecting the other members cope with and get the better of their troubles. This in bend boosts up the self-pride of the client to take part and set up a curative resonance. Trained equals among the members besides encourage each other in take parting actively, hence, cut downing wellness attention costs and someway doing group intercession of more importance than single 1s. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Sharing of experience A group member who has improved a batch from group therapy can be asked to come and associate his experience to new group members. For illustration, he/she may associate to them how his/her first group had been, how he/she had felt at the beginning of the group, and besides, how he/she felt after several Sessionss. From this feedback, new members will experience bucked up and more hopeful. Puting up homogenous groups Group therapy with people undergoing the same status, e.g. depression, utilizing cured people as group leaders. Group members will portion their narratives with one another and how they overcome their hard times. On seeing how others tackle with their troubles, members will be inspired and experience encouraged. Questions When the group begins, the therapist/leader can inquire inquiries like: Does this group sound like it would work for you? or what would your outlook for this group be? . Through these inquiries, some members may answer that they feel diffident or uncomfortable, while some might be believing positively. When to ease this healing factor: This curative factor is normally facilitated before the group starts. Universality What it is: At the beginning of the group therapy session, some members of the group may experience stray and believe that they are alone and apart from the other members. However, after interaction within themselves, they feel that they are all in the same boat , that is, they all portion more or less the same feelings and emotions. Why it is healing: Universality is healing since it a powerful beginning of alleviation cognizing that we all have practically similar concerns, quandary and life experiences that we portion in common. During the session, clients get the chance to see deep concern about their sense of worth, may it be strength or failings and their ability to associate to others. It is a manner for members of the group to show themselves freely about feelings like shame, stigma and self-blame that have long been a load for them. Finally, the sharing of deepest concerns may trip unplanned healing factors like katharsis which may farther be facilitated by the healer. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Activity- e.g. Fear Hat: group members are asked to compose their extreme fright on a piece of paper. The documents are so assorted in the chapeau. Each member picks up a paper and read it aloud and asked to give solutions about how to face this fright. Normally, in such type of activity, members may happen that they have more or less common frights and solutions. Puting up homogenous groups: group therapy with people confronting the same job e.g. depression, might be much more easy for them to experience this catholicity and be more motivated to portion their life experiences. The healer can be a good facilitator by inquiring inquiries like: who felt the same? or do you experience the same asaˆÂ ¦ ? to do group members aware that they are non different and apart from each other. When to ease this healing factor: Universality is normally facilitated in the early phases of the therapy normally in the forming stage. Conveyance OF Information What it is: Didactic direction: Didactic instructions are instructions given by the professional ( healer ) . Direct advice: direct advice occurs in every therapy group whereby advice or suggestions come from the healer every bit good as group members. Why it is healing: Didactic direction allows clients to work together in coaction. The group leader helps members to cover with their groundless frights and certain incorrect thoughts about infectiousness. He provides members with information bout their unwellness, intervention option, future hazards and recommendations. He besides helps them face traumatic irritability with active header. Consequently, members in the group learn to go clear, accepting and non-judgmental perceivers. Direct advice can be used to find a group s age by the manner the members formulate inquiries. Advice-giving serves as a usher to be more clear and expressed about interpersonal pathology. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: A picture cartridge holder or informative movie related to the first order aim of the group session can be good. Subsequently, the healer ushers group members to reflect on the information conveyed by the picture. Didactic direction can be facilitated through talks by an expert with the assistance of a posting presentation related to the subject, e.g. alcohol addiction. To ease direct advice about a peculiar subject, images related to this subject can be distributed to group members and asked to portion their sentiments and suggestions among themselves. When to ease this healing factor: This healing factor is normally facilitated in the early phase of the freshly formed group and can be moreover facilitated by the healer throughout the therapy as it occurs with regularity. Altruism What it is: Through selflessness, members gain through giving, non merely in having aid, as portion of the mutual giving-receiving sequence. This means that if members help each other through coaction and corporation, all of them are traveling to derive something at the terminal may it be a touchable or an intangible end-product. Why it is healing: Group therapy with selflessness as healing factor offers the chance to clients to experience that they are good to others in footings of aid receiving systems and suppliers, that is, aid others feel that they have something of value to offer. The group becomes the secure zone for support, reassurance, suggestions and the hazard to unwrap certain similar jobs with one another. Consequently, group members build trust among them and number on each other for self-generated and true reactions and feedback, particularly patients get bying with serious unwellnesss. Altruism is a direct beginning of duties to those from whom members wish to have attention. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Trade activities: doing a trade and offering it to a equal in the group is an effectual manner to ease selflessness. Questions: e.g. the healer may inquire a participant: who have you appreciated the most? . Hereby, the individual appreciated might experience aghast and happy. Activity: e.g. Scavenger hunting: a list of things to look for on the topographic point within a clip frame is given to two squads divided among the group members. The procedure of sharing the duty of whom to look for what and assisting each other builds up selflessness. When to ease this healing factor: Altruism is normally facilitated in the norming and executing stage. THE CORRECTIVE RE-ENACTMENT OF THE PRIMARY FAMILY GROUP What it is: Most clients who enter groups, have had a troubled, unsatisfactory background in the most of import group of their life: the primary household group. The group becomes a utility household in many ways: a therapy group consists of a leader or a co-leader who may stand for the parents, while the other group members may replace for siblings. Since the leader or co-leader is regarded as the parent, some group members tend to seek attending and fondness from them, while others perceive the leaders as dominating, important or commanding. Why it is healing: It is a valuable tool which helps clients in voicing out pent-up feelings through actions or gestures. These pent-up feelings are those they have one time felt in early relationships. The therapy group gives clients the chance to re-experience early household struggles ( e.g. parent-child struggles or sibling competitions ) in a right manner, and which may besides supply group members a opportunity to decide and rectify dysfunctional interpersonal relationships with the aid of the healer and other group members. Furthermore, this healing factor allows clients to research how childhood experiences have affected their behavior. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Activity Given a scenario, group members act out a given function, e.g. , mother/father/daughter/son/siblings. The scenario should be something powerful which will do the participants feel angry or sad. Question After a function drama, the healer can be a good facilitator by inquiring inquiries like: How easy was it to move out the functions? , What did you larn from this exercising? , What can you make to better your moving? , or how of import is it to be able to move? . Activity E.g. Pull a Picture to Better a Relationship: Group members are asked to pull a image for person ( from the group itself ) , with whom they want to better their relationship. They can besides add some notes if they wish to. Then, they give it to that individual. Since the therapy group becomes a utility household, group members will be able to show their feelings to person in the group who may stand for the parents or siblings, and therefore, rectifying their behavior and relationship with that individual. When to ease this healing factor: This healing factor can be facilitated in the storming stage. In this stage, the intimacy and the strong bond which have already been established among the group members makes it easier for a client to accept feedback from others. Group members can so work out closely to rectify dysfunctional relationships. DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIALISING TECHNIQUES What it is: The development of basic societal accomplishments occurs in therapy groups. Group therapy focuses on bettering societal accomplishments through feedbacks. For illustration, group members offer feedback to one another about the rightness of others behaviors. Why it is healing: While this may be a painful and hurtful experience, nevertheless, the strong bond and the trust that exist between the group members make it easy to offer feedbacks and information about maladaptive societal behavior. The feedback is offered in a direct and honest manner. Clients are so less likely to experience offended by the feedback and will accept the facts, therefore, assisting to better clients relationship both within and outside the group. The development of socializing techniques is besides curative because the group scene is safe and supportive, and allows group members to experiment safely without fright of failure. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Activity Role drama, e.g. exposing group members to polite societal books like traveling for a occupation interview or traveling to a eating house. After the activity, perceivers can notice on participants public presentation and how they can better their address or facial looks or gestures to look polite. Activity Formulate your sentences. This activity can be done to assist group members learn different ways to show themselves straight and clearly without judging or arousing others by re-formulating their sentences. It besides helps in bettering societal accomplishments. The undermentioned image gives an illustration of how to explicate sentences. Questions After a function drama, the healer can be a good facilitator by inquiring inquiries like: how hard was it to move out? or how of import is it to be able to move? . When to ease the healing factor: This healing factor is usually facilitated in the norming and acting stages, after coherence has been good established. Normally, before the norming and acting stages, group members have already acquired different ways of pull offing struggles, and they are more likely to be able to show themselves. Hence, the healing factor should be facilitated in the norming and acting stages. IMITATIVE BEHAVIOUR What it is: In a group therapy, clients tend to be influenced by the healer. For illustration, in a group, the healer will back up, listen, observe and offer non-judgmental feedback to group members. At a certain point, clients will follow these behaviors and integrate them. Not merely do they copy the healer, but they will, at a certain point, besides try to copy other group members. Why it is healing: Imitative behavior is healing because it is a signifier of larning members observe and learn how others tackle and overcome their troubles. Clients invariably seek out all those behaviors ( particularly positive 1s, because positive behaviors evoke a positive response from the group ) until they feel that a peculiar behavior fits them. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Activity Role drama, e.g. Carrying person to acquire up from his/her place. In this activity, one by one, each member, including the healer, will seek to carry another group member to acquire up from his/her place in a right manner, without being aggressive. Throughout the activity, each member will detect how others dealt with the state of affairs and therefore, they will seek to copy some of the behaviors which they find suited. By the terminal of the activity, the last member to seek this out would be the 1 who has seen everyone act. Therefore, he will integrate the positive behavior, which will take to a positive response. Theme Covering with hard state of affairss . An activity related to this subject can be done, whereby each member will associate about a state of affairs he has late had. Other group members will so give solutions as to how they can cover with this state of affairs. Throughout this activity, there can be person who will come frontward with sensible thoughts or thoughts of wisdom. This will bring forth a positive response from the group. Hence, on seeing the elicited positive response, other members will seek to respond the same manner ; they will seek to copy those behaviors and present some solutions which they feel might be really much appreciated by others, therefore, making a positive response. Questions After a function drama, the healer can ease the imitative behavior by inquiring inquiries like: Do you believe that the individual might hold felt hurt by your behavior? or Can you seek to make like this? When to ease the healing factor: Imitative behavior can be facilitated in the early phases of the group, i.e. in the forming stages, since members will hold ample clip to experiment new behaviors. INTERPERSONAL LEARNING What it is: Interpersonal acquisition occurs largely within a group. It is through interactions and sharing of one s ain reactions and perceptual experience of each other s behavior. There are three of import constructs to ease interpersonal acquisition, foremost the interpersonal relationships, disciplinary emotional experiences and eventually societal microcosm. Why it is healing: Interpersonal communicating additions socialisation. It besides helps to understand each other by sharing intelligence and cognition. It is besides a average how it is possible to develop a trust between each other. It teaches the type of feeling one should hold towards others. It gives an chance to larn to near others. Learning from others feedbacks, if I confuse people by non stating what I truly think. It is another manner to indicate out one s ain wonts and idiosyncrasies that annoy other people. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Subject: Geting penetration of one s job Question: the healer can inquire inquiries such as: who wants to propose solutions to this job? . Activity: Drawn to career- group members to discourse their ends if they were a politician, lawyer, instructor, curate or a physician, societal worker. When to ease the healing factor: Interpersonal acquisition can be facilitated in ramping and norming stages of group therapy. GROUP COHESIVENESS What it is: Cohesiveness is a basic belongings of groups. It is a bond that helps the group to work good together and be successful in making their ends. Cohesiveness has two dimensions: emotional ( or personal ) and task-related. The emotional facet of coherence is derived from the connexion that members feel to other group members and to their group as a whole. A good therapist- client relationship is said to be critical for a positive result and this is characterized by trust, heat, empathetic apprehension and credence. The relationship of the client- healer in single therapy encompasses the person s relationship to the group healer, to the other group members and to the group as a whole. All these relationships in the group are referred as group coherence . All the groups do non portion the same type of coherence. The importance of group coherence Group coherence is the manner how to acquire people in a group connected, committed and in harmoniousness with undertaking ends and aims. Both emotional connection and the experience of group effectivity contribute to group coherence. The demand for belonging is unconditioned in us all. Both during single or group therapy, this demand is addressed for case therapy groups may bring forth a positive trust, empathy and credence. An person is accepted merely if the latter adheres to the norms and effects set by the group. Group coherence as experienced by the members creates lasting relationships which might be for the first clip in some of the latter s life. There are many benefits to group coherence. Four chief benefits are: The communicating within the group is much more extensive.A In other words, people who like each other communicate better and more often with each other. Groups that are more cohesive have positive interactions with one another.A Peoples are more friendly and there is an increased feeling of the group as a whole.A As a consequence, the group acts as a whole non as persons. A group that has a high degree of group coherence is much more successful in accomplishing their goal.A The feeling of togetherness in the group motivates members to accomplish the coveted end and their attempts addition. The members in groups that are cohesive are much more satisfied with that group.A As a consequence, they are more willing to remain in the group longer and frequently recommend the group to others. The mechanism of action The healer needs to move as a facilitator hence making conditions for self- geographic expedition and to take the hurdlings that block the procedure of growing. Acceptance and understanding among members help to break beef up the group than being accepted by the healer. Therefore the experience felt by homo is truly of great value to the person in the group. The more an person is bonded to the group, the greater the regard he has to it and the higher his self- regard. Why it is healing: Group coherence is an of import concept in understanding the behaviour of groups. It is non simply a powerful curative force but is besides a stipulation for other curative factors to work optimally. Hence coherence is necessary for other group curative factors to run. Group coherence besides helps in promoting unfastened look of dissension. It has a sense of squad spirit and the willingness of its members to organize their attempts. Furthermore, it has a echt sense of equal assisting and societal support, stepping up for what is right, traveling squad along in the right way. It raises one s ego regard and assist alter their behaviours and attitudes towards others. The group members learn to be responsible and independent. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Activities: Island game- all the group members should stand on a piece of newspaper ( the island ) so the healer will rupture pieces and the members should group together forestalling themselves from falling off the paper. Helium Stick: All the group members will seek to put the stick on the floor utilizing merely one finger. Subjects: Increasing the squad spirit between group members The session will be tied to commitment, coaction, teamwork or single and common answerability. When to ease the healing factor: This healing factor would be facilitated at the beginning of the group and can be facilitated during ramping stage as when uncomfortableness will emerge. The work will be more ambitious. Catharsis What it is: Catharsis is derived from the Greek word which is translated as cleansing or purification . It is a powerful and nonvoluntary experience of emotional discharge followed by a feeling of great alleviation. These emotional discharges can be expressed both positively and negatively. In general, those members of the group ( high scholars ) who showed a profile of katharsis normally express a signifier of cognitive acquisition. Catharsis is therefore an indispensable constituent of the alteration procedure. Catharsis is said to be more helpful once it is related to cohesiveness. Along with these group bonds, strong look of emotion is enhanced ensuing into positive results. Why it is healing: Catharsis helps to see and responds fruitfully to life s challenges. It is a good manner to manage choler and accomplish a desirable province of relaxation. Catharsis allows clients to air out out their feelings and helps in the command of affectional experiences and emotions. It helps group members to accomplish interpersonal acquisition. It besides helps in geting accomplishments for the hereafter and to derive personal growing in groups. Catharsis is besides curative when it applies to the look of negative affect particularly in true instances when an single understands himself or the other individual in the group. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Subjects: Covering with struggles Activities: Argument after watching a calamity cartridge holder or intelligence Each member will state something negative about the other group member that they neer had the bravery to state hence there will be the consequence of surprise and surprisingness. When to ease the healing factor: Catharsis can be facilitated during the group treatment and in the norming stage. EXISTENTIAL FACTORS What it is: Experiential factors are all those factors related to existence ultimate duty for our ain behavior, basic isolation in footings of confronting life entirely, decease, hurting and unpredictability of being, and their confrontation against the rough experiential facts of life. Why it is healing: This healing factor should be facilitated as the full class of experiential factors is frequently graded higher as compared to other healing factors. Group members besides learn to develop greater familiarity with others and its bounds every bit good. Therapists facilitate experiential factors by doing clients larn about how to confront their restrictions with bravery, e.g. some factors like basic solitariness can non be taken off and resolved, but can merely be known and finally embraced as built-in portion of being. Clients with serious unwellness are brought aggressively back to world and prioritise their concerns in their proper position. Consequently, they may go more optimistic and lend their unwellness positively to their lives. 3 ways to ease this healing factor: Question Therapist can inquire inquiry like: how make you experience when you have to work with person you have non chosen? . Through feedback, members will gain that they are responsible for their ain life, no affair who comes in their life. Activity Fear Hat. In this activity, members will compose their secret frights on a piece of paper. The documents are so assorted in a chapeau. Each member picks up a paper randomly and read it aloud and gives solutions about how to face this fright. Throughout this activity, each member will go cognizant of all types of fright and rough facts of life that they might themselves confront one twenty-four hours or the other. They will besides larn how to accept those hard worlds. Activity Making a personal batch. In this activity, each group member draws a batch and divides it into six parts in which they write about the followers: a personal symbol, successes, defect ( s ) , dreams, stepping rocks and a quotation mark. The healer so asks each member to portion with the group what he has written on the batch. Becoming aware of their strengths, failings and what maintain them keep on to life will alarm group members and actuate them to withstand the tough experiential facts of life. When to ease this healing factor: Experiential factors are facilitated at the terminal of the group therapy session in the expiration stage because the healer wants the members to detach themselves from the group and travel out in the society and face life entirely because no affair how much support one may have from others, he is on his ain duty. Decision Group intercession is one avenue that holds considerable promise in accomplishing improved intervention results and an economically sustainable wellness attention system. The curative factors built-in in the procedure of group reding are powerful mechanisms of alteration and guarantee that appropriate chances exist for their happening. The happening and impact of these curative factors vary within a group and from group to group. Additionally, some factors play a more important function at different phases of the group than other factors. Not all group members experience the same curative factors in the same manner or to the same grade.

8 signs your coworker is toxic

8 signs your coworker is toxic There’s nothing quite as uniquely stressful as a toxic coworker- and if you’ve been a victim of one you know precisely how difficult a situation he or she can be. They can be toxic for a wide variety of reasons, from a negative energy that they give off to a detrimental effect they have on your team, department, or entire workplace. The effects can be wide ranging- from making your work environment uncomfortable to seriously impacting productivity and workplace satisfaction. While in other parts of your life you can usually avoid a person who’s toxic, it’s not quite as easy to do so at work. And given that we typically spend a minimum of 40 hours at our jobs per week- a significant part of our waking lives- it can be a real problem, and often one without an easy solution.Are you wondering if a coworker of yours is toxic? There are signs that you can look for to know for sure, and once you know you can set up a plan for dealing with the situation. Inc. rece ntly published an article that covers 8 signs you should look for to determine if your coworker is toxic. Use this information to help you navigate this tricky situation!1. They’re â€Å"secret† know-it-alls.Do you have a coworker who’s perfectly pleasant and agreeable- even a team player- when the boss is paying attention but quickly reverts to an annoying know-it-all who can’t seem to allow room for any other opinion but they’re own? This sort of toxic coworker can be impossible to work collaboratively with and can make it really hard to function comfortably at work.2. They act as if they’ve already paid their dues.Most of us have experience with this sort of toxic coworker- they think that the sheer fact that they’ve been at the workplace longer gives them some level of superiority or special pass to behave in any way they wish (and often it’s in a terrible way). Often, they get by doing as little as possible and expect newe r employees who are currently â€Å"paying their dues† to shoulder a greater amount of the work. It’s never fun to be around this sort of coworker, and it’s certainly not a recipe for workplace efficiency.3. They like to say, â€Å"Yeah, but that’s not my job.†This type of coworker can be a real nightmare to be around. They have a very narrow and rigid view of what their jobs entail and leave little or no room for flexibility or taking one for the team. They treat everything that they don’t want to do like a â€Å"hot potato† that they quickly pass along to others. Being around this sort of person never feels good- they never truly gel with the rest of the team.4. They think experience is a tangible commodity.Some people wrap themselves in the vague notion of their perceived â€Å"experience,† without it pointing to any clearly defined skill set or measurable contribution to the team. These people often fail or refuse to learn new skills, grow, and adapt. The truth is, experience is great- but in a fast-paced, constantly evolving workplace, experience is not the sole commodity that some toxic coworkers make it out to be, and it can create clear weak links in the employee chain.5. They love gossip.Who hasn’t had a coworker who seems to spend more time gossiping than getting actual work done? They can talk endlessly about a wide range of useless subjects to any coworker who’ll listen- as long as they don’t involve actual work-related topics. Not only is their work output minimal as a result, they’re often a drain on others around them as well- a real lose-lose situation.6. They use  peer pressure to hold other people  back.To these sorts of toxic coworkers, the workplace is like a reality TV show in which they create alliances and enemies and manipulate others around them to achieve their selfish goals. Often peer pressure is their tool of choice, and they use their perceived influence with their coworkers to manipulate and hold other people back while propping themselves up.7. They’re quick  to grab the glory.Rather than view successes as the result of teamwork and collaborative effort, these coworkers like to hog the spotlight and pretend that every success is the sole result of their own influence and contributions. These toxic people somehow manage to tarnish every workplace win with their selfish behavior.8. They’re even quicker to throw others under the bus.Consider this the flip side to the previous point- as quick as these people are to grab the glory after a big win, they’ll just as quickly point the finger at others and assign blame when things go sour. These toxic coworkers keep everyone on edge and on their toes at work- and not in a good way.If you recognize any of the signs mentioned above, you might just have a toxic coworker. If so, recognizing it is the first step. Consider your options for following up- sometimes a simple talk with the coworker can make a world of difference. Be patient, be kind, and stand up for yourself in a professional manner. Aim to be the coworker you wish you had.

Opinion about any FORTUNE 500 company and examine its CSR strategy Essay

Opinion about any FORTUNE 500 company and examine its CSR strategy - Essay Example Based on the contribution of all the stakeholders towards the success of their organization, managers should ensure that they adopt CSR that are beneficial to all parties (Bhattacharya et al, 2008). This paper seeks to examine CSR strategies adopted by Walmart, the US largest supermarket. Walmart is a multinational firm operating more than 10,750 stores. With annual revenue of approximately $469 billion, the company has been recognized as a fortune 500 firm. Due to the large number of branches that the company has established in the international market, it is clear that it has a significant impact on the world natural resources as well as global environment. To address major issues as far as corporate social responsibilities for the company is concerned; Walmart has divided its activities into four key areas. These include environmental responsibilities, social responsibilities, local responsibilities and company responsibilities. Environmental responsibilities Being headquartered i n Bentonville US, Walmart competitive position has not been attained just based on its wide product portfolio and quality brands but also its objective of promoting energy conservation. One of the notable CSR programs that the company adopted in 2005 in its effort to reduce its impact on the global climate was the sustainability program. This entailed making all its stores eco-friendly by ensuring that it reduced the greenhouse gasses emitted by the stores (Charles, 2006). Other strategies that the company initiated within its stores included installation of solar panels, purchasing of wind energy and adoption of fuel saving technologies in its transport system. As a result of these strategies, the company has significantly reduced the cases of illnesses due to pollution especially in its neighborhoods. Thus sustainability program is an effective initiative that the Walmart Company should continue to uphold. Another aspect that has been initiated by the company is the use of recycla ble bags that its consumers can use regularly. In this way, land fill wastes have been effectively reduced. Social responsibilities Based on the need to improve the financial position of its customers, Walmart is focused at empowering women by providing them with investment skills. For example, the company has established Walmart foundation, an initiative that trains more than 1 million women on career opportunities and how to create self employment (Nelson, 2009). In my opinion, this is an effective CSR strategy. This is based on the fact that women are major consumers of Walmart products. Thus by making them earn higher income, they will have significant purchasing power thus making them purchase more from the store. Local responsibility Walmart Company has adopted various programs that include school nutrition as well as offering disaster relief. With the current changes in the style of consumption globally, consumers have been affected by various illnesses that have attracted th e attention of health care providers. As a major initiative, Walmart has recently established a five year plan that is focused at reducing unhealthy levels of sugars and fats in its brands by 25% while salts will reduce by 10%. Additionally, the plan is focused at reducing the prices of vegetables and fruits in order to make them affordable. Being a major customer of local and global food suppliers including Kraft

Adaptive Social Networks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adaptive Social Networks - Research Paper Example to conduct an experiment on the development of a referral system. The referral system is to support interaction of agents with others by directing users to those agents who may provide the information they need. 1A research was done on an architecture that is fully distributed and has agents who maintain privacy and autonomy from its users. 2In 1997, Kautz and the group developed methods of graph analysis for referral systems where the person with the required information is found by use of referral chains. The informal person-to-person social networks are used to construct what is termed as the ‘referral chains of request. 3According to Bin Yu et al., the research conducted by Kautz et al. concentrated more on the problem of referral information generation at the expense of the dynamic aspects of referral systems. The aim of the research conducted by Bin Yu et al. was to study the dynamics of social structures which most referral systems studied. The agents in their architecture learn models of each other in terms of sociability and expertise. They described an adaptive social network for information access that is intended to be an accurate, dynamic and evolving multi agent system that can achieve the effect of informal social networks that exist in an organization or community. In it, there is a distinction between a user’s interest and their expertise. Each user is associated with a personal agent. This agent is the first to see the user’s queries. He/she then decides the contacts to which the queries are sent. The agent that receives the query then decides if it suits its user and lets them see it. Alternatively, the receiving agent can respond with referrals to other users. The receiving user or agent can also choose not to respond in any way and discard the query. A query basically consists of a query vector and the requester’s ID, email address and a limit on the number of

Write a paper on the environment and the damages that humans have done Research

Write a on the environment and the damages that humans have done to it - Research Paper Example Human activities lead to different impacts on various components of the ecosystem such as land, biodiversity, and aquatic, terrestrial, marine and the atmosphere. Humans are inherently selfish and want the best for themselves without caring about the impacts of their activities to other members of the ecosystem. Global warming is the most critical problem facing the globe today. Global warming is described as the rise in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and the oceans. This increase was noted to have started in the 19th century and is anticipated to continue rising. Goudie (22) notes that since the beginning of the 20th century, global temperatures have risen by about 0.8o C with approximately two thirds of this increase happening since 1980. Global warming is attributed to increased concentration of greenhouse gases which include carbon dioxide, methane and ozone. However, carbon dioxide is the most significant greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases lead to global warming by trapping infrared radiations emitted from the earth’s surface in the lower atmosphere thereby causing the temperatures to become warmer. These gases, however, allow radiations from the sun to get to the earth surface but absorb them as they absorb short wave radiations when re-emitted coming fr om the land. Greenhouse gases are important to maintain warm temperatures with the earth surface, but increased concentration of these gases can lead to devastating impacts on the environment, as explained by Goudie (22). Human activities are the most significant causes of increased carbon dioxide levels. Goudie (23) observes that since industrial revolution, the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased significantly. He notes that carbon dioxide and methane concentration has risen by 36 and 148 percent respectively from 1750 levels. Burning of fossil fuels is attributed for more than

The role of Project Management to an Organization Essay

The role of Project Management to an Organization - Essay Example The project management cycle undergoes a five-step approach; they are initiation, planning, execution, monitoring/control and closure. Initiation is a process involving the giving of an overview of how the project looks like, and the strategy implemented in the organizations plan. This is done to achieve the desired results and in addition, it is where a project manager is appointed to guide the rest of project members due to his or her experience and skills. Planning is the second step, which includes risk assessment alongside defining the system used in order complete the plan. Execution and control are the third and fourth step respectively, which involves planning a solution used for the implementation of solving problems noted in the requirements of a project. Closure, which is the fifth and last step, involves a manager ensuring the little things in a project receive a proper conclusion, when the formal project review is written.The benefits attained from a good project managem ent includes, a delivery service that is better and efficient since, it provides a â€Å"roadmap† that can be easily followed for the purposes of project completion. The other benefit is, customer satisfaction is improved, increased and enhanced such that, when a project is completed in good time a customer can be happy and recommend you for more work. The third benefit is that, service delivery is made effective and enhanced. The improvement of growth and development of a team is another benefit. since, when a project yields positive results, a team commands much respect and inspires the team to work harder. A greater competitive and standing edge is another benefit when a good project is implemented. The other benefits will include better flexibility, increase in quality and quantity and increased risk assessment. As mentioned earlier, planning is the second phase for any project management cycle to be successful. It includes a breakdown and assignment that should be detailed of the task in your project from the time it commences to the time it ends. It involves taking risks of the assessment and being able to define the steps needed for the successful of a task completion. Research is an important factor in planning because it gives a chance of choosing

Computing Research Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Computing Research Projects - Essay Example Introduction World Wide Web in our societies around the globe is now a common phenomenon and accessories that facilitate this phenomenon like a web browsers does not only carry an immense business scope but they have become the representatives of the technology itself. Web browsers are the vehicles that carry you along the fascinating world of the web while facilitating the use and eliminating the reliance on any additional software aids. Today’s web browsers are supposed to provide possibly all functionalities that a web site has to offer and a surfer may need to enjoy his web experience. More importantly, web browsers need to meet the requirements of fetching information from all around the globe while warranting a complex integrated security mechanism. 1.1 Scope of Research Design and development of a web browser in the backdrop of technological advancements of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the ever increasing support requirements is a serious underta king. It needs to support the cutting edge technologies, facilitate user while ensuring a pleasurable experience, playing and displaying nearly every possible format of information, securing browsing sessions, speeding up the task completions, adding ability to save sessions and user specific information, building abilities to recover from interruptions and breakups and the list goes on—it knows no limits. While discussing the scope of an explorer Godbole and Atul ( 2008) states, â€Å"It is the responsibility of the browser to display the document on the user’s screen when it receives it from the server. As a result, a browser consists of several large software components that work together that provide an abstracted view of seamless service.† Every day, there is a new change in technology, everyday there are new measures to be taken to ensure existence in the world of web browsing. The continued user support, maintenance and incorporation of updates are the ta sks that demand serious and sustainable project management approach to suit the enormity of task in hand. 1.2 History The history of web browsers is nearly as old as that of the Internet itself. Majority of historians of computer sciences have accepted Tim Berners-Lee as the founder of the explorer technology. However, the Mosaic explorer by Andreessen team in the year 1993 gave WWW technologies a real boost. Later on it was Andreessen who formed Netscape Company that launched first commercial explorer, the Netscape Navigator. It was not before 1995, when the Microsoft jumped into the explorer business with its first version of Internet Explorer to capture its market share. Since then the dominance in the market has been a tough fight among Internet Explorer, Opera, Netscape, Mozilla, Firefox, Safari and lately Google Chrome. (Cheshire, 2008). The history of web browsers’ development is a fast changing history because it had to keep pace with the technological innovations in the field of computers, software, communications and the Internet. Today, browser development requires not only a bunch of technological expertise but it also demands a methodical project management approach. 2. Literature Review The purpose of this literature review is to investigate the emerging

Management Support Systems Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management Support Systems Development - Essay Example Do information systems matter on a business enterprise What are the benefits of developing a management support system (MSS) in the organization How would the system increase the competitive advantage of the organization in today's extremely competitive marketplace and highly connected world These may be some of the questions that managers face today. The Internet Age has created new opportunities as well as challenges for businesses especially in the area of business intelligence and knowledge management. Organizational knowledge management has become a more significant foundation of corporate competitive advantage for business (Buchanan et al, 1999). Knowledge management has become a management fad today ever since knowledge became a competitive advantage. It has become a significant capital, both for organizations and employees. Business knowledge is a re-usable, renewable as well as imperative asset of significance to business that augments in worth by means of knowledge worker and administrative life. Knowledge well-established in the organizational dealing procedures and the knowledge worker's abilities are advantages usually firm to distinguish, build up and duplicate through market competitors (Dennis et al., 2005). Developments of management support systems have become essential in an organization in order to grow or sustain its existence. Management Support Systems enlarges the orga... Management Support Systems enlarges the organizational data and information recovery capacities of the system end-users by means of investigation actions and query for searching of information in the organizational database, turning out 'what if' situations, and other similar functions (Dennis et al., 2005). The purpose of MSS is to manage the information that is available to everyone and control the flow so that the content can be analyzed and results examined for the improvement of the organization. MSS are frequently designed to handle multifarious conditions, and few are available right off the shelf. Although online analytical processing (OLAP) software has assisted decision support development, many MSS make use of some custom design, development, and implementation for each specific application (Dennis et al., 2005). MSS are designed to be used on a recurring basis by many employees, several of them were not computer literate. The system continues to grow because its accomplishment has led managers and the team members to make out new traditions to apply the ideas developed with this system to other decision-making situations (Buchanan et al, 1999). Development of an MSS, particularly a large one, is a complicated practice especially when it is built in-house. It requires a specialized team that focuses on the interpretation of the business processes of the organization and transforming such processes into an IT enabled support system framework. It encompasses problems varying from technical (e.g., hardware variety, networking) to behavioral (e.g., user interfaces, training, the potential impact on individuals, groups, and the entire organization) (Dennis et al., 2005). There exists no single and best one-way approach in developing an MSS

Computing Research Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Computing Research Projects - Essay Example Introduction World Wide Web in our societies around the globe is now a common phenomenon and accessories that facilitate this phenomenon like a web browsers does not only carry an immense business scope but they have become the representatives of the technology itself. Web browsers are the vehicles that carry you along the fascinating world of the web while facilitating the use and eliminating the reliance on any additional software aids. Today’s web browsers are supposed to provide possibly all functionalities that a web site has to offer and a surfer may need to enjoy his web experience. More importantly, web browsers need to meet the requirements of fetching information from all around the globe while warranting a complex integrated security mechanism. 1.1 Scope of Research Design and development of a web browser in the backdrop of technological advancements of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the ever increasing support requirements is a serious underta king. It needs to support the cutting edge technologies, facilitate user while ensuring a pleasurable experience, playing and displaying nearly every possible format of information, securing browsing sessions, speeding up the task completions, adding ability to save sessions and user specific information, building abilities to recover from interruptions and breakups and the list goes on—it knows no limits. While discussing the scope of an explorer Godbole and Atul ( 2008) states, â€Å"It is the responsibility of the browser to display the document on the user’s screen when it receives it from the server. As a result, a browser consists of several large software components that work together that provide an abstracted view of seamless service.† Every day, there is a new change in technology, everyday there are new measures to be taken to ensure existence in the world of web browsing. The continued user support, maintenance and incorporation of updates are the ta sks that demand serious and sustainable project management approach to suit the enormity of task in hand. 1.2 History The history of web browsers is nearly as old as that of the Internet itself. Majority of historians of computer sciences have accepted Tim Berners-Lee as the founder of the explorer technology. However, the Mosaic explorer by Andreessen team in the year 1993 gave WWW technologies a real boost. Later on it was Andreessen who formed Netscape Company that launched first commercial explorer, the Netscape Navigator. It was not before 1995, when the Microsoft jumped into the explorer business with its first version of Internet Explorer to capture its market share. Since then the dominance in the market has been a tough fight among Internet Explorer, Opera, Netscape, Mozilla, Firefox, Safari and lately Google Chrome. (Cheshire, 2008). The history of web browsers’ development is a fast changing history because it had to keep pace with the technological innovations in the field of computers, software, communications and the Internet. Today, browser development requires not only a bunch of technological expertise but it also demands a methodical project management approach. 2. Literature Review The purpose of this literature review is to investigate the emerging

How Venture Capitalists Evaluate Potential Venture Opportunities Essay

How Venture Capitalists Evaluate Potential Venture Opportunities - Essay Example The product is analyzed to determine if the product can produce a competitive advantage. The technology is examined to ascertain if it is a new item that can demand market share or is the technology and improvement over existing products. Although all four of the venture capitalists analyze the team, or specifically the people involved in the company, they differ on which aspect of the team they place a greater emphasis. Some venture capitalists place more emphasis on the founder, or entrepreneur, of the product or technology and other place more importance on the management team. The other item that venture capitalists differ is the stage of product development. Some venture capitalists prefer a new product or technology and some prefer to look at products that are currently inexistence. Venture capitalists are mostly focused on the tactical aspects of the company with which they want to invest. They examine the potential revenue stream of the product versus the strategy to achieve the market share. The venture capitalists analyze the tactical aspects of the market and

The Motion Detector Sensor Engineering Essay

The Motion Detector Sensor Engineering Essay Home automation is a system that uses to help the resident to do the household activity or housework. These housework or household activity can be from pet feeding, plant watering, home entertainment system and so on. It can be operate either automatically or sometime control remotely which all depend to the home resident [2]. The entire system can be controlled by using from remove control, computer, internet until telephone. The home automation covered very wide of hoe system and it is also including home security system. The home security system basically can be separate to five categories [3], there are: Detection of intrusion Simulation of presence Detection of fire, gas and water Medical alert and precise Safe closing of blind For this project, only 2 categories have been discussed. There are detection of intrusion and detection of fire. And there are 4 types of intrusion which are [3]: i) Detection of movement ii) Magnetic contact of door or window iii) Glass breaking and pressure change iv) Pressure change 2.1 Part research and analysis 2.1.1 Motion detector sensor Only detection of movement has been discussed for this project. In here, the detection of movement means the movement that cause by human being and a motion detector sensor being use to detect the motion. A motion detector sensor can separate to active and passive and it can detect motion by using optics or acoustics. An active motion detector sensor is dispersing a constant field to detect motion. The field will remains static until something is enters it then disturbs the reflected pattern. Meanwhile, a passive motion sensor is waiting in standby mode in order to trigger a threshold setting when motion is detected. However, active and passive technique both have similar disadvantage. They only can sense very limited range that may weaken with distance. As the result, combination of both techniques has been used to gain greater effectiveness to detect the motion [4]. There are several types of motion detector sensor being use in the market [5] for example: i) Infrared motion detector sensor Infrared motion sensor is the most reliable and cheapest among the entire motion sensors available in the market. The concept of infrared motion sensor is using the infrared light spectrum to measure the heat of objects that pass in front of it. Then it will compare the heating level to heating level that cause by objects that behind it. The wavelength infrared wave is between 0.7 and 300 micrometers but shorter than the  wavelength  of  visible light  but longer than microwaves that cannot be detected by human senses but can felt as the heat. This infrared motion detector sensor can be fitted with different lenses to get greater distances. Basically the infrared motion detector sensor separate to 2 types only, there are passive and active infrared motion sensor [6]. The passive infrared sensors will detect electromagnetic radiated energy that generate by external sources like thermal energy emitted by people in the infrared range as figure. The thermal energy will reaches to the sensor that comprise more than one individual  sensor which made from pyroelectric materials. This sensor will generate an electrical voltage according it is heated or cooled [7]. Figure 1: The operation of passive motion infrared sensor [8] Meanwhile, the active infrared sensors will generate a multiple beam pattern of modulated infrared energy and react if it has change in the modulation of the frequency or an interruption in the received energy. The active infrared motion basically consist emitter and receiver pairs to generate IR detection zone. However, this emitter and receiver pairs need to adjust probably to achieve the best balancing between reflected IR energy and transmitted IR energy. This balance is called as the threshold level of reflected IR. If the reflected IR energy significantly above the threshold level, IR motion detector sensor will trigger on as figure: Figure 2: The operation of active motion infrared sensor [9] ii) Microwave motion detector sensor Figure 3: The operation of microwave motion sensor [10] The microwave motion detector sensor is type of active sensor that using radar call  Doppler radar to send out microwaves in order to detect and measure the movement of an object. Then it will receive the returning waves that cause by moving object to determine the distance, direction even the speed of the object. Basically the microwave motion detector has 2 types, they called bistatic and monostatic [11]. The bistatic type contains emitter and receiver which operate separately to configure the beam to fit particular situation. It has a larger detection range which up to 1500 linear feet but it cannot define the area of detection and easy to cause the error [12]. Meanwhile, the monostatic type can define detection area based on microwave beam that it emits. The detection range is smaller than bistatic which only 400 linear feet but it more efficient [12]. Although the microwave motion detector sensor cover a larger area than infrared sensor and more reliable over longer distances, but it is least popular because of their vulnerability to electrical interference and expensive cost [11]. iii) Ultrasonic motion detector sensor Figure 4: The operation of ultrasonic motion sensor [13] An ultrasonic  motion detector sensor will detect the movement by generating the sound wave in the ultrasonic frequency range around 30 kHz to 50 kHz within the limited area [14]. It will generate a cone-shaped sound wave and listen to the echoes. . The sound wave generally inaudible to humans and most animals but it does not pass through most objects. So, if no object is moving within the zone of detection, the pattern of sound wave in its environment and the time that reflected back will remain the same. However, if something moves, the microwave detector will detect and analysis the level or phase of returning sound waves then will trigger on the sensor [14]. Basically this ultrasonic motion detector sensor separated to 2 types, there are active and passive. [15] The active ultrasound motion detector sensors emit sound waves from quartz-crystal transducers then the sound wave will cover within the field of detection. The sound wave will not disrupt if there is no any movement detected. However, the sound wave will disrupt when movement detected and reflected back to receiver. The receiver will sent the signal to control unit and trigger on the sensor by analysis its sensitivity and calibration. Although the microwave motion detector sensor very efficiency in performance, but it is weak in very short of the field of detection that only detectable up to forty feet [15]. Meanwhile the passive motion detector sensors operate on the principle of sounds for example breaking glass to trigger on the sensor. These sounds produce sound waves that detected by the sensors which same concept like the active sensors. The signal will sent to control units to determine if the sound wave pattern falls within established normal parameters [15]. Table below is the summary of technologies to detect the motion: Technique Description Advantages Disadvantages 1) Infrared [6] Active: Generate multiple beam of modulated infrared energy and receive any interrupt or change of received energy Passive: detect electromagnetic radiated energy that generate by external sources like thermal energy i) Low cost ii) Easy to maintain i) Cover very small area 2) Microwave [12] Cover area with electronic field and receive any disturb or movement of electronic field i) Cover large area ii) Quick response i)High cost ii)Too sensitive 3) Ultrasonic [15] Generate sound wave and reflect the sound wave if any disturb or movement i) Cover large area ii) Quick response iii) Long lifetime i) Easy affect by environment vibration ii) High cost Table 1: Summary and comparison of 3 technologies to detect the motion 2.1.2 Heat detector sensor For another category which is detection of fire, there also have several techniques to detect it. These techniques are sensing in temperature, humidity and smoke [3] and sensing in temperature will be discussed in this project. There are few technologies in this market to sense the temperature [16] like table: Technologies Description Advantages Disadvantages 1)Thermocouple [17] Consist junction of 2 types of metal that joined together will produce voltage which varies with temperature change i) can used in wide temperature ii)Fast response i) Low accuracy ii) short life time 2) Resistance thermometer (RTD) [18] Electrical resistance of pure metal will increase with rise of temperature i) High accuracy ii) Good stability i)Slow response ii) High cost 3) Thermistor [19] Type of ceramic resistor that resistance will change with temperature changing i) Accuracy in small scale of temperature range ii) Good vibration i) Limit in small temperature range Table 2: Summary and comparison 3 of technologies to sense the temperature in the market 2.1.3 Wireless system application Short range radio application The table below show that the summary of some short range radio application and characteristics that use in the market. Application Frequency Characteristics Security system 300MHz -500MHz,800MHz,900MHZ Simplicity, easy installation Emergency medical alarms 300MHz-500MHz,800MHz Convenient carrying, long battery life, reliable Computer accessories UHF(Ultra High frequency) High data rates, vary short range, low cost RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 100kHz to 2.4GHz Vary short range, active or passive transponder Wireless microphone and headphone VHF(Very High Frequency), UHF( Ultra High frequency) Analog high fidelity voice modulation, moderate price Keyless entry(gate opener) UHF(Ultra High Frequency) Miniature transmitter, special coding to prevent duplication Wireless bar code readers 900MHz, 2.4GHz Industrial use, spread spectrum Table 3: Short range radio application [20] Figure 5: Radio communication link diagram [21] Figure above is the radio communication link diagram. In transmitter, the source data will send to encoder to create a group of bits then sent the signal to receiver to make sure that no any false occurrences happen. Then the receiver will check and only accept the signals that the same address bits same with it. The signal that sent which also call message frame has 4 fields [21] like figure: Figure 6: Message frame [21] The first field is called preamble that as start bits to tell the receiver the message begins. Next field is called address, it will identify address and notifies the receiver come from which units that message is coming which sent by transmitter. Then the data field will follow on which it may indicate what type of event is being signaled in some protocols. Finally last field is parity which allows the receiver to determine whether the message was received correctly or not [21]. When several transmitters are used with the same receiver, all transmitters need to have the same identification address which set by receiver where receiver need to be set to recognize the identification address of all the transmitters that used in the system. Table below is the summary of advantage and disadvantages of two addressing system [21]: Advantages Disadvantages Unlimited number of transmitter can be used with a receiver Limited number of bits increase false number and interference from adjacent system Can be used with commercially available data encoder and decoders Device must be opened for coding during installation Transmitter and receiver can be easily replaced without recoding the opposite terminal Must be used with a dedicated microcontroller and cannot be used with standard encoders and decoders Each transmitter is individually recognized by receiver Limited number of transmitters can be used with each receiver Large number of code bits reduces possibility of false number Longer code reduces probability of detection Table 4: Advantages and disadvantages of two addressing system [21] 2.2 Review of similar product No Product Specification Cost Reference 1 Motion detector alarm set Detect motion and activates alarm -Build in high output 105dB alarm -Keypad to arm or disarm and security code -120VAC adapter operate US $24.99 [22] 2 Wireless motion system CWA2000 Transmitter can transmit signal to receiver until half mile away -Activates LED and buzzer on base station when detect motion -Expendable up to 8 motion sensor -Can adjust sensitivity of detection -Receiver required AC power and 4 AA batteries for backup mode -Sensor required 4 AA batteries US $99.00 [23] 3 Skylink SC-10 wireless Home security system -Consists 2 door or window sensors and 2 keychain transmitter -Arm or Disarm by using keychain transmitter -Build in high output 110dB siren -Expendable up to 15 sensors operate by AC power and 4 AA batteries for backup mode US $109.95 [24] 4 Powermax + wireless intruder alarm -Support real time viewing from camera -Consist 3 PIR sensor and 2 magnetic door sensor with wireless -External high output siren -Sent message to user by email, SMS or phone when any incident happened -Support latchkey to inform parent when child arrive to home -Remote home management which provide control and status update up to electrical devices -Required AC power to operate  £257.00 [25] 3.7 Hardware description 3.7.1PIC16F874A microcontroller Figure 14: Pin description of PIC16F874A microcontroller [26] The behavior of the Home Security system basically control by three PIC 16F8XX microcontrollers. The PIC16F8XX microcontroller is under Microchip PIC microcontroller device and very commonly being use because of low-cost, low-power consumption but high speed in performance and I/O flexibility if compare to other device and family. The microcontroller emphasizes almost same function as a microprocessor but PIC Microcontroller only operates at very low speed or frequency which only few MHz or even lower if compare to microprocessors that operate with high speed or frequency. Besides, PIC microcontroller consumes very small among of power consumption which only around miliwatts. So, PIC Microcontroller is more suitable for home security system compared to microprocessor in terms of size, cost, power consumption and the memory to control the input/output devices. They are three types of microcontroller also take into consideration, which are PIC 16F84A [27], PIC16F874A [26] and Atmel-AT89C2051 [28].The comparison was made before the final decision make. Below is the table of comparison between 3 microprocessors: Features Microchip (PIC16F84A) Microchip(PIC16F874A) Atmel(ATmega88V) Instruction 35 single word 35 single word 131 single word Operating speed 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz Flash Program Memory 1024 x 14 words 4k x 14 words 8k x 14words Data Memory(RAM) 68 x 8 bytes 192 x 8 bytes 1k bytes internal SRAM EEPROM 64 x 8 bytes 128 x 8 bytes 512 x 8 bytes I/O Port 13 33 23 Counter/timer 1 3 2 Counter bit 8 bits 16 bits 16 bits Series Interface (MSSP) -In-Circuit Serial Programmingâ„ ¢ (ICSPâ„ ¢) via two pins Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPIâ„ ¢ (Master mode) I ²Câ„ ¢ (Master/Slave) Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I ²C compatible) Operating Voltage 2.0V-5.5V 2.0V 5.5V 1.8V 5.5V Software MPLAB ® IDE MPLAB ICD2 MPLAB ® IDE MPLAB ICD2 ATAVRISP